Method and apparatus for filtering

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for video encoding/decoding, In some examples, an apparatus for video decoding includes processing circuitry, For example, the processing circuitry generates first reconstructed samples of a block, and applies a filter to multiple color components of the first reconstructed samples of the block to determine offsets to he applied to one or more color components. Then, the processing circuitry generates second reconstructed samples of the block based on the offsets for the one or more color components and the first reconstructed samples of the block.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 17/095,622,filed Nov. 11, 2020, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/979,899, “JOINT-COMPONENT FILTER” filedon Feb. 21, 2020, both of which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure describes embodiments generally related to videocoding.

BACKGROUND

The background description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description that may nototherwise qualify as prior all at the time of filing are neitherexpressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentdisclosure,

Video coding and decoding can be performed using inter-pictureprediction with motion Compensation. Uncompressed digital video caninclude a series of pictures, each picture having a spatial dimensionof, for example, 1920×1080 luminance samples and associated chrominancesamples. The series of pictures can have a fixed or variable picturerate (informally also known as frame rate), of, for example 60 picturesper second or 60 Hz. Uncompressed video has specific bitraterequirements. For example, 1080p60 4:2:0 video at 8 bit per sample(1920×1080 luminance sample resolution at 60 Hz frame rate) requiresclose to 1.5 Gbit/s bandwidth. An hour of such video requires more than600 GBytes of storage space.

One purpose of video coding and decoding can be the reduction ofredundancy in the input video signal, through compression. Compressioncan help reduce the aforementioned bandwidth and/or storage spacerequirements, in some cases by two orders of magnitude or more. Bothlossless compression and lossy compression, as well as a combinationthereof can be employed. Lossless compression refers to techniques wherean exact copy of the original signal can be reconstructed from thecompressed original signal. When using lossy compression, the,reconstructed signal may not be identical to the original signal, butthe distortion between original and reconstructed signals is smallenough to make the reconstructed signal useful for the intendedapplication. In the case of video, lossy compression is widely employed.The amount of distortion tolerated depends on the application; forexample, users of certain consumer streaming applications may toleratehigher distortion than users of television distribution applications.The compression ratio achievable can reflect that: higherallowable/tolerable distortion can yield higher compression ratios

A video encoder and decoder can utilize techniques from several broadcategories, including, for example, motion compensation, transform,quantization, and entropy coding.

Video codec technologies can include techniques known as intra coding.In intra coding, sample values are represented without reference tosamples or other data from previously reconstructed reference pictures.In some video codecs, the picture is spatially subdivided into blocks ofsamples. When all blocks of samples are coded in intra mode, thatpicture can be an. intra picture. Intra pictures and their derivationssuch as independent decoder refresh pictures, can be used to reset thedecoder state and can, therefore, be used as the first picture in acoded video bitstream and a video session, or as a still image. Thesamples of an intra block can be exposed to a transform, and thetransform coefficients can be quantized before entropy coding, infraprediction can be a technique that minimizes sample values in thepre-transform domain. In some cases, the smaller the DC value after atransform is, and the smaller the AC coefficients are, the fewer thebits that are required at a given quantization step size to representthe block after entropy coding.

Traditional intra coding such as known from, for example MPEG-2generation coding technologies, does not use intra prediction. However,some newer video compression technologies include techniques thatattempt, from, for example, surrounding sample data and/or metadataobtained during the encoding/decoding of spatially neighboring, andpreceding in decoding order, blocks of data. Such techniques arehenceforth called “intra prediction” techniques. Note that in at leastsome cases, intra prediction is using reference data only from thecurrent picture under reconstruction and not from reference pictures.

There can be many different firms of intra prediction. When more thanone of such techniques can be, used in a given video coding technology,the technique in use can be coded in an intra prediction mode. Incertain cases, modes can have submodes and/or parameters, and those canbe coded individually or included in the mode codeword. Which codewordto use for a given mode/submode/parameter combination can have an impactin the coding efficiency gain through intra prediction, and so can theentropy coding technology used to translate the codewords into abitstream.

A certain mode of intra prediction was introduced with H.264, refined inH.265, and further refined in newer coding technologies such as jointexploration model (JEM), versatile video coding (VVC), and benchmark set(BMS). A predictor block can be formed using neighboring sample valuesbelonging to already available samples. Sample values of neighboringsamples are copied into the predictor block according to a direction. Areference to the direction in use can be coded in the bitstream or mayitself be predicted.

Referring to FIG. 1A, depicted in the lower right is a subset of ninepredictor directions known from H.265's 33 possible predictor directions(corresponding to the 33 angular modes of the 35 intra modes). The pointwhere the arrows converge (101) represents the sample being predicted.The arrows represent the direction from which the sample is beingpredicted. For example, arrow (102) indicates that sample (101) ispredicted from a sample or samples to the upper right, at a 45 degreeangle from the horizontal. Similarly, arrow (103) indicates that sample(101) is predicted from a sample or samples to the lower left of sample(101), in a 22.5 degree angle from the horizontal.

Still referring to FIG. 1A, on the top left there is depicted a squareblock (104) of 4×4 samples (indicated by a dashed, boldface line). Thesquare block (104) includes 16 samples, each labelled with an “S”, itsposition in the Y dimension (e.g., row index) and its position in the Xdimension (e.g., column index). For example, sample S21 is the secondsample in the Y dimension (from the top) and the first (from the left)sample in the X dimension. Similarly, sample S44 is the fourth sample inblock (104) in both the V and X dimensions. As the block is 4×4 samplesin size, S44 is at the bottom right. Further shown are reference samplesthat follow a similar numbering scheme. A reference sample is labelledwith an R, its Y position (e.g., row index) and X position (columnindex) relative to block (104). In both H.264 and H.265, predictionsamples neighbor the block under reconstruction; therefore no negativevalues need to be used,

Intra picture prediction can work by copying reference sample valuesfrom the neighboring samples as appropriated by the signaled predictiondirection. For example, assume the coded video bitstream includessignaling that, for this block, indicates a prediction directionconsistent with arrow (102)—that is, samples are Predicted from aprediction sample or samples to the upper right, at a 45 degree anglefrom the horizontal. In that ease, samples S41, S32, S23, and S14 arepredicted from the same reference sample R05. Sample S44 is thenpredicted from reference sample R08.

In certain cases, the values of multiple reference samples may becombined, for example through interpolation, in order to calculate areference sample; especially when the directions are not evenlydivisible by 45 degrees.

The number of possible directions has increased as video codingtechnology has developed. In H.264 (year 2003), nine different directioncould be represented. That increased to 33 in H.265 (year 2013), andJEM/VVC/BMS, at the time of disclosure, can support up to 65 directions.Experiments have been conducted to identify the most likely directions,and certain techniques in the entropy coding are used to represent thoselikely directions in a small number of bits, accepting a certain penaltyfor less likely directions. Further, the directions themselves cansometimes be predicted from neighboring directions used in neighboring,already decoded, blocks.

FIG. 1B shows a schematic (180) that depicts 65 intra predictiondirections according to JEM to illustrate the increasing number ofprediction directions over time.

The mapping of intra prediction directions bits in the coded videobitstream that represent the direction can be different from videocoding technology to video coding technology; and can range, forexample, from simple direct mappings of prediction direction to intraprediction mode, to codewords, to complex adaptive schemes involvingmost probable modes, and similar techniques. In all cases, however,there can be certain directions that are statistically less likely tooccur in video content than certain other directions. As the goal ofvideo compression is the reduction of redundancy, those less likelydirections will, in a well working video coding technology, berepresented by a larger, number of bits than more likely directions.

Motion compensation can be a lossy compression technique and can relateto techniques where a block of sample data from a previouslyreconstructed picture Or part thereof (reference picture), after beingspatially shifted in a direction indicated by a motion vector (MVhenceforth), is used for the prediction of a newly reconstructed pictureor picture part. In some cases, the reference picture can be the same asthe picture currently under reconstruction. MVs can have two dimensionsX and Y, or three dimensions, the third being an indication of thereference picture in use (the latter, indirectly, can be a timedimension).

In some video compression techniques, an MV applicable to a certain areaof sample data can be predicted from other MVs, for example from thoserelated to another area of sample data spatially adjacent to the areaunder reconstruction, and preceding that MV in decoding order. Doing socan substantially reduce the amount of data required for coding the MV,thereby removing redundancy and increasing compression. MV predictioncan work effectively, for example, because when coding an input videosignal derived from a camera (known as natural video) there is astatistical likelihood that areas larger than the area to which a singleMV is applicable move in a similar direction and, therefore, can in somecases be predicted using a similar motion vector derived from MVs ofneighboring area. That results in the MV found for a given area to besimilar or the same as the MV predicted from the surrounding MVs, andthat in turn can be represented, after entropy coding, in a smallernumber of bits than what would be used if coding the MV directly. Insome cases, MV prediction can be an example of lossless compression of asignal (namely: the MVs) derived from the original signal (namely: thesample stream). In other cases, MV prediction itself can be lossy, forexample because of rounding errors when calculating a predictor fromseveral surrounding MVs

Various MV prediction mechanisms are described in H.265/HEVC. (ITU-TRec. H.265, “High Efficiency Video Coding”, December 2016). Out of themany MV prediction mechanisms that H.265 offers, described here is, atechnique henceforth referred to as “spatial merge”.

Referring to FIG. 2, a current block (201) comprises samples that havebeen found by the encoder during the motion search process to bepredictable from a previous block of the same size that has beenspatially shifted. Instead of coding that MV directly, the MV can, bederived from metadata associated with one or more reference pictures,for example from the most recent (in decoding order) reference picture,using the MV associated with either one of five surrounding samples,denoted A0, A1, and B0, B1, B2 (202 through 206, respectively). InH.265, the MV prediction can use predictors from the same referencepicture that the neighboring block is using.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for videoencoding/decoding. In some examples, an apparatus for video decodingincludes processing circuitry. For example, the processing circuitrygenerates first reconstructed samples of a block, and applies a filterto multiple color components of the first reconstructed samples of theblock to determine offsets to be applied to one or more colorcomponents. Then, the processing circuitry generates secondreconstructed samples of the block based on the offsets for the one ormore color components and the first reconstructed samples of the block.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry applies the filter to threecolor components of the first reconstructed samples of the block todetermine three offset signals respectively for the three colorcomponents. In another embodiment, the processing circuitry applies thefilter to three color components of the first reconstructed samples ofthe block to determine an offset to be applied to each of the threecolor components. In some examples, at least one of the multiple colorcomponents is different from the one or more color components or atleast one of the one or more color components is different from themultiple color components.

In some embodiments, the processing circuitry can apply the titter withdifferent filtering shapes to different color components in the multiplecolor components of the first reconstructed samples, in someembodiments, the processing circuitry can apply the filter withdifferent filtering sizes to different color components in the multiplecolor components of the first reconstructed samples.

In some embodiments, the processing circuitry combines the firstreconstructed samples with the offsets for the one or more colorcomponents to generate the second reconstructed samples. In an example,the first reconstructed samples are generated by a processing moduleprior to a &blocking filter. to another example, the first reconstructedsamples are generated by a deblocking filter. In another example, thefirst reconstructed samples are generated by a constrained directionalenhanced filter. In another example, the first reconstructed samples aregenerated by a loop restoration filter.

In some embodiments, the processing circuitry generates intermediatereconstructed samples based on the first reconstructed samples, andcombines the intermediate reconstructed samples with the offsets for theone or more color components to generate the second reconstructedsamples. In an example, the intermediate reconstructed samples aregenerated by a deblocking filter. In another example, the intermediatereconstructed samples are generated by a constrained directionalenhanced filter. In another example, the intermediate reconstructedsamples are generated by a loop restoration filter.

In some embodiments, the processing circuitry determines the multiplecolor components to apply the filter and the one or more colorcomponents for applying the offset based cm information in a coded videobitstream. In an embodiment, the processing circuitry decodes anenabling nag that indicates the multiple color components to apply thefilter and the one or more color components for applying the offset fromthe coded video bitstream. In another embodiment, the processingcircuitry decodes weighting factors that is indicative of the multiple,color components to apply the filter and the one or more colorcomponents for applying the offset from the coded video bitstream.

In some embodiments, the processing circuitry can derive an enablingflag that indicates the multiple color components to apply the filterand the one or more color components for applying the offsets. Forexample, the processing circuitry can derive the enabling. flag based ona smoothness of the first reconstructed. samples in each color componentwithin the block. In an example, the smoothness is calculated by anabsolute difference between a maximum pixel value and a minimum pixelvalue within a sample area, such as in the block. In another example,the smoothness is calculated by a variance of pixel values within theblock. In another example, the smoothness is calculated by a range ofgradient values within the block.

Aspects of the disclosure also provide a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium storing instructions which when executed by acomputer for video decoding cause the computer to perform any of themethods for video decoding,

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features, the nature, and various advantages of the disclosedsubject matter will be more apparent from the following detaileddescription and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of an exemplary subset of intraprediction modes.

FIG. 1B is an illustration of exemplary intra prediction directions.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a current block and itssurrounding spatial merge candidates in one example,

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of acommunication System (300) in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of acommunication system (400) in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of adecoder in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of anencoder in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an encoder in accordance with anotherembodiment.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a decoder in accordance with anotherembodiment.

FIG. 9 show s examples of filler shapes according lo embodiments of thedisclosure.

FIGS. 10A-10D show examples of subsampled positions used for calculatinggradients according to embodiments of the disclosure.

FIGS. 11A-11B show examples of a virtual boundary filtering processaccording to embodiments of the disclosure.

FIGS. 12A-12F show examples of symmetric padding operations at virtualboundaries according to embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 13 shows a partition example of a picture according to someembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 14 shows a quadtree split pattern for a picture in some examples.

FIG. 15 shows cross-component filters according to an embodiment of thedisclosure.

FIG. 16 shows an example of a filter shape according to an embodiment ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 17 shows a syntax example for cross component filter according tosome embodiments of the disclosure.

FIGS. 18A-18B show exemplary locations of chroma samples relative toluma samples according to embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 19 shows an example of direction search according to an embodimentof the disclosure.

FIG. 20 shows an example illustrating subspace projection in someexamples.

FIG. 21 shows a block diagram illustrating a filter architectureaccording to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIGS. 22-31 show diagrams of exemplary filtering paths according to someembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 32 shows a flow chart outlining a process according to anembodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 33 is a schematic illustration of a computer system in accordancewith an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 3 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communication system(300) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thecommunication system (300) includes a plurality of terminal devices thatran communicate with each other, via, for example, a network (350). Forexample, the communication system (300) includes a first pair ofterminal devices (310) and (320) interconnected via the network (350).In the FIG. 3 example, the first pair of terminal devices (310) and(320) performs unidirectional transmission of data. For example, theterminal device (310) may code video data (e.g., a stream of videopictures that are captured by the terminal device (310)) fortransmission to the other terminal device (320) via the network (350).The encoded video data can be transmitted in the turn of one or morecoded video bitstreams. terminal device (320) may receive the codedvideo data from the network (350), decode the coded video data torecover the video pictures and display video pictures according to therecovered video data. Unidirectional data transmission may be common inmedia serving applications and the like.

In another example, the communication system (300) includes a secondpair of terminal devices (330) and (340) that performs bidirectionaltransmission of coded video data that may occur, for example, duringvideo conferencing. For bidirectional transmission of data, in anexample, each terminal device of the terminal devices (330) and (340)may code video data (e.g., a stream of video pictures that are capturedby the terminal device) for transmission to the other terminal device ofthe terminal devices (330) and (340) via the network (350). Eachterminal device of the terminal devices (330) and (340) also may receivethe coded video data transmitted by the other terminal device of theterminal devices (330) and (340), and may decode the, coded video datato recover the video pictures and may display video pictures at anaccessible display device according to the recovered video data.

In the FIG. 3 example, the terminal devices (310), (320), (330) and(340) may be illustrated as servers, personal computers and smart phonesbut the principles of the present disclosure may be not so limited.Embodiments of the present disclosure find application with laptopcomputers, tablet computers, media players and/or dedicated videoconferencing equipment. The network (350) represents any number ofnetworks that convey, coded video data among the terminal devices (310),(320), (330) and (340), including for example wireline (wired) and/orwireless communication networks. The communication network. (350) mayexchange data in circuit-switched and/or packet-switched channels.Representative networks include telecommunications networks, local areanetworks, wide area networks and/or the Internet, For the purposes ofthe present discussion, the architecture and topology of the network(350) may be immaterial to the operation of the present disclosureunless explained herein below.

FIG. 4 illustrates, as an example for an application for the disclosedsubject matter, the placement of a video encoder and a video decoder ina streaming environment. The disclosed subject matter can be equallyapplicable to other video enabled applications, including, for example,video conferencing, digital TV, storing of compressed video on digitalmedia including CD, DVD, memory stick and the like, and so on.

A streaming system may include a capture subsystem (413), that caninclude a video source (401), for example a digital camera, creating forexample a stream of video pictures (402) that are uncompressed. In anexample, the stream of video pictures (402) includes samples that aretaken by the digital camera. The stream of video pictures (402),depicted as a bold line to emphasize a high data volume when compared toencoded video data (404) (or coded video bitstreams), can be processedby an electronic device (420) that includes a video encoder (403)coupled to the video source (401). The video encoder (40) can includehardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implementaspects of the disclosed subject matter as described in more detailbelow. The encoded video data (404) (or encoded video bitstream (404)),depicted as a thin line to emphasize the lower data volume whencompared. to the stream of video pictures (402), can be stored on astreaming server (405) for future use. One or more streaming clientsubsystems, such as client subsystems (406) and (408) in FIG. 4 canaccess the streaming sewer (405) to retrieve copies (407) and (409) ofthe encoded video data (404). A client subsystem (406) can include avideo decoder (410), for example, in an electronic device (430). Thevideo decoder (410) decodes the incoming copy (407) of the encoded videodata and creates an outgoing stream of video pictures (411) that can berendered on a display (412) (e.g., display screen) or other renderingdevice (not depicted). In some streaming systems, the encoded video data(404), (407), and (409) (e.g., video bitstreams) can be encodedaccording to certain video coding/compression standards. Examples ofthose standards include ITU-T Recommendation H.265. In an example, avideo coding standard under development is informally, known asVersatile Video Coding (VVC). The disclosed subject matter may be usedin the context of VVC.

it is noted that the electronic devices (420) and (430) can includeother components (not shown). For example, the electronic device (420)can include a video decoder (not shown) and the electronic device (430)can include a video encoder (not shown) as well.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a video decoder (510) according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The video decoder (510) can beincluded in an electronic device (530). The electronic device (530) caninclude a receiver (531) (e.g., receiving circuitry). The video decoder(510) can be used in the place of the video decoder (410) in the FIG. 4example.

The receiver (531) may receive one or more coded video sequences to bedecoded by the video decoder (510); in the same or another embodiment,one coded video sequence at a time, where the decoding of each codedvideo sequence is independent from other coded video sequences. Thecoded video sequence may be received from a channel (501), which may bea hardware/software link to a storage device which stores the encodedvideo data. The receiver (531) may receive the encoded video data withother data, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams,that may be forwarded to their respective using entities (not depicted).The receiver (531) may separate the coded video sequence from the otherdata. To combat network jitter, a buffer memory (515) may be coupled inbetween the receiver (531) and an entropy decoder/parser (520) (“parser(520)” henceforth). In certain applications, the buffer memory (515) ispart of the video decoder (510). In others, it can be outside of thevideo decoder (510) (not depicted). In still others, there can be abuffer memory (not depicted) outside of the video decoder (510), forexample to combat network jitter, and in addition another buffer memory(515) inside the video decoder (510), for example to handle playgirltiming. When the receiver (531) is receiving data from a store/forwarddevice of sufficient bandwidth and controllability, or from anisosynchronous network, the buffer memory (515) may not be needed, orcan be small. For use on best effort packet networks such as theInternet, the, buffer memory (515) may be required, can be comparativelylarge and can be advantageously of adaptive size, and may at leastpartially be implemented in an, operating system or similar elements(not depicted) outside of the video decoder (510).

The video decoder (510) may include the parser (520) to reconstructsymbols (521) from the coded video sequence. Categories of those symbolsinclude information-used to manage operation of the video decoder (510),and potentially information to control a rendering device such as arender device (512) (e.g., a display screen) that is not an integralpart of the electronic device (530) but can be coupled to the electronicdevice (530), as was shown in FIG. 5. The control information for therendering device(s) may be in the form of Supplemental EnhancementInformation (SEI messages) or Video Usability information (VUI)parameter set fragments (not depicted). The parser (520) may parseentropy-decode the coded video sequence that is received. The coding ofthe coded video sequence can be in accordance with a video codingtechnology or standard, and can follow various principles, includingvariable length coding. Huffman coding, arithmetic coding with orwithout context sensitivity, and so forth. The parser (520) may extractfrom the coded video sequence, a set of subgroup parameters for at leastone of the subgroups of pixels in the video decoder, based upon at leastone parameter corresponding to the group. Subgroups can include Groupsof Pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles, slices, macroblocks, Coding Units(CUs), blocks, Transform Units (TUs), Prediction Units (PUs) and soforth. The parser (520) may also extract from the coded video sequenceinformation such as transform coefficients, quantizer parameter values,motion, vectors, and so forth.

The parser (520) may perform an entropy decoding/parsing operation onthe video sequence received from the buffer memory (515), so as tocreate symbols (521).

Reconstruction of the symbols (521) can involve multiple different unitsdepending on the type of the coded video picture or parts thereof (suchas: inter and intra picture, inter and intra block), and other factors.Which units are involved, and how, can be controlled by the subgroupcontrol lamination that was parsed from the coded video sequence by theparser (520). The flow of such subgroup control information between theparser (520) and the multiple units below is not depicted for clarity,

Beyond the functional blocks already mentioned, the video decoder (510)can be conceptually subdivided into a number of functional units asdescribed below. In a practical implementation operating undercommercial constraints, many of these units interact closely with eachother and can, at least partly, be integrated into each other. However,for the, purpose of describing the disclosed subject matter, theconceptual subdivision into the functional units below is appropriate.

A first unit is the scaler/inverse transform unit (551). Thescaler/inverse transform unit (551) receives a quantized transformcoefficient as well as control information, including which transform touse, block size, quantization, factor, quantization scaling matrices,etc. as symbol(s) (521) from the parser (520). The scaler inversetransform unit (551) can output blocks Comprising sample values, thatcan be input into aggregator (555).

In some cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform (551)can pertain to an Ultra coded block; that is: a block that is not usingpredictive information from previously reconstructed pictures, hut canuse predictive information from previously reconstructed parts of thecurrent picture. Such predictive information can be provided by an intrapicture prediction unit (552). In some cases, the intra, pictureprediction unit (552) generates a block of the same size and shape ofthe block under reconstruction, using surrounding already reconstructedinformation fetched from the current picture buffer (558). The currentpicture buffer (558) buffers, for example, partly reconstructed currentpicture and/or fully reconstructed current picture. The aggregator(555), in some cases, adds, on a per sample basis, the predictioninformation the intra prediction unit (552) has generated to the outputsample information as provided by the scaler/inverse transform unit(551).

In other cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform unit(551) can pertain to, an inter coded, and potentially motion compensatedblock. In such a case, a motion compensation prediction unit (553) canaccess reference picture memory (557) to fetch samples used forprediction. After motion compensating the fetched samples in accordancewith the symbols (521) pertaining to the block, these samples can beadded by the aggregator (555) to the output of the scaler inversetransform unit (551) (in this case called the residual samples orresidual signal) so as to generate output sample information. Theaddresses within the reference picture memory (557) from where themotion compensation prediction unit (553) fetches prediction samples canbe controlled by motion vectors, available to the motion compensationprediction unit (553) in the form of symbols (521) that can have, forexample X, Y, and reference picture components. Motion compensation alsocan include interpolation of sample values as fetched from the referencepicture memory (557) when sub-sample exact motion vectors are in use,motion vector prediction mechanisms, and so forth.

The output samples of the aggregator (555) can be subject to variousloop filtering techniques in the loop filter unit (556). Videocompression technologies can include in-loop filter technologies thatare controlled by parameters included in the coded video sequence (alsoreferred to as coded video bitstream) and made available to the loop,filter unit (556) as symbols (521) from the parser (520), but can alsobe responsive to meta-information obtained during the decoding ofprevious (in decoding order) parts of the coded picture or coded videosequence, as well as responsive to previously reconstructed andloop-filtered sample values.

The output of the loop filter unit (556) can be a sample stream that canbe output to the render device (512) as well as stored in the referencepicture memory (557) for use in future inter-picture prediction,

Certain coded pictures, once fully reconstructed, can be used asreference pictures for future prediction. For example, once a codedpicture corresponding to a current picture is fully reconstructed andthe coded picture has been identified as a reference picture (by, forexample, the parser (520)), the current picture buffer (558) can becomea part of the reference picture memory (557), and a fresh currentpicture buffer can be reallocated before commencing the reconstructionof the following coded picture.

The video decoder (510) may perform decoding operations according to apredetermined video compression technology in a standard, such as ITU-TRec. H.265. The coded video sequence may conform to a syntax specifiedby the video compression technology or standard being used, in the sensethat the coded video sequence adheres to both the syntax of the videocompression technology or standard and the profiles as documented in thevideo compression technology or standard. Specifically, a profile canselect certain tools as the only tools available for use under thatprofile from all the tools available in the video compression technologyor standard. Also necessary for compliance can be that the complexity ofthe coded video sequence is within bounds as defined by the level of thevideo compression technology or standard. In some cases, levels restrictthe maximum picture size, maximum frame rate, maximum reconstructionsample rate (measured in, for example megasamples per second), maximumreference picture size, and so on. Limits set by levels can, in somecases, be further restricted through Hypothetical Reference Decoder(HRD) specifications and metadata for HRD buffer management signaled inthe coded video sequence.

In an embodiment, the receiver (531) may receive additional (redundant)data with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as partof the coded video sequence(s). The additional data may be used by thevideo decoder (510) to properly decode the data and/or to moreaccurately reconstruct the original video data. Additional data can bein the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal noise ratio(SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forwarderror correction codes, and so on.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a video encoder (603) according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The video encoder (603) isincluded in an electronic device (620). The electronic device (620)includes a transmitter (640) (e.g, transmitting circuitry). The videoencoder (603) can be used in the place of the video encoder (403) in theFIG. 4 example.

The video encoder (603) may receive video samples from a video source(601) (that is not part of the electronic device (620) in the FIG. 6example) that may capture video image(s) to be coded by the videoencoder (603). In another example, the video source (601) is a part ofthe electronic device (620).

The video source (600 may provide the source video sequence to be codedby the video encoder (603) in the form of a digital video sample streamthat can be of any suitable bit depth (for example: 8 bit, 10 bit, 12bit, . . . ), any color space (for example, BT.601 Y CrCB, RGB, . . . ),and any suitable sampling structure (for example Y CrCb 4:2:0, Y CrCb4:4:4). In a media serving system, the video source (601) may be astorage device storing previously prepared video. In a videoconferencingsystem, the video source (601) may be a camera that captures local imageinformation as a video sequence. Video data may be provided as aplurality of individual pictures that impart motion when viewed insequence. The pictures themselves may be organized as a spatial array ofpixels, wherein each pixel can comprise one or more samples depending onthe sampling, structure, color space, etc. in use. A person skilled inthe art can readily understand the relationship between pixels andsamples. The description below focuses on samples.

According to an embodiment, the video encoder (603) may code andcompress the pictures of the source video sequence into a coded videosequence (643) in real time or under any other time constraints asrequired by the application, Enforcing appropriate coding speed is onefunction of a controller (650). In some embodiments, the controller(650) controls other functional units as described below and isfunctionally coupled to the other functional units. The coupling is notdepicted for clarity. Parameters set by the controller (650) can includerate control related parameters (picture skip, quantizer, lambda valueof rate-distortion optimization techniques, . . . ), picture size, groupof pictures (GOP) layout, maximum motion vector search range, and soforth. The controller (650) can be configured to have other suitablefunctions that pertain to the video encoder (603) optimized for acertain system design.

In some, embodiments, the, video encoder (603) is configured to operatein a coding loop. As an oversimplified description, in an example, thecoding loop can include a source coder (630) (e.g., responsible furcreating symbols, such as a symbol stream, based on an input picture tobe coded, and a reference picture(s)), and a (local) decoder (633)embedded in the video encoder (603). The decoder (633) reconstructs thesymbols to create the sample data in a similar manner as a (remote)decoder also would create (as any compression between symbols and codedvideo bitstream lossless in the video compression technologiesconsidered in the disclosed subject matter). The reconstructed samplestream (sample data) is input to the reference picture memory (634). Asthe decoding of a symbol stream leads to bit-exact results independentof decoder location (local or remote), the content in the referencepicture memory (634) is also bit exact between the local encoder andremote encoder. In other words, the prediction part of an encoder “sees”as reference picture samples exactly the same sample values as a decoderwould “see” when using prediction during decoding. This fundamentalprinciple of reference picture synchronicity (and resulting drift, ifsynchronicity cannot be maintained, for example because of channelerrors) is used in some related arts as well.

The operation of the “local” decoder (633) can be the same as of a“remote” decoder, such as the video decoder (510), which has alreadybeen described in detail above in conjunction with FIG. 5. Brieflyreferring also to FIG. 5. however, as symbols are available andencoding/decoding of symbols to a coded video sequence by an entropycoder (645) and the parser (520) can be lossless, the entropy decodingparts of the video decoder (510), including the buffer memory (515), andparser (520) may not be fully implemented in the local decoder (633).

An observation that can be made at this point is that any decodertechnology except the parsing/entropy decoding that is present in adecoder also necessarily needs to be present, m substantially identicalfunctional form, in a corresponding encoder. For this reason, thedisclosed subject matter focuses on decoder operation. The descriptionof encoder technologies can be abbreviated as they are the inverse ofthe comprehensively described decoder technologies. Only in certainareas a more detail description is required and provided below.

During operation, in some examples, the source coder (630) may performmotion compensated predictive coding, which codes an input picturepredictively with reference to one or more previously coded picture fromthe video sequence that were designated as “reference pictures.” In thismanner, the coding engine (632) codes differences between pixel blocksof an input picture and pixel blocks of reference picture(s) that may beselected as prediction reference(s) to the input picture.

The local video decoder (633) may decode coded video data of picturesthat may be designated as reference pictures, based on symbols createdby the source coder (630). Operations of the coding engine (632) mayadvantageously be lossy processes. When the coded. video data may bedecoded at a video decoder (not shown in FIG. 6), the reconstructed,video sequence typically may be a replica of the source video sequencewith some errors. The local video decoder (633) replicates decodingprocesses that may be performed by the video decoder on referencepictures and may cause reconstructed reference pictures to be stored inthe reference picture cache (634). In this manner, the video encoder(603) may store copies of reconstructed reference pictures locally thathave common content as the reconstructed reference pictures that will beobtained by a far-end video decoder (absent transmission errors).

The predictor (635) may perform prediction searches for the codingengine (632). That is, for a new picture to be coded, the predictor(635) may search the reference picture memory (634) for sample data (ascandidate reference pixel blocks) or certain metadata such as referencepicture motion vectors, block shapes, and so on, that may serve as anappropriate prediction reference for the new pictures. The predictor(635) may operate on a sample block-by-pixel block basis to findappropriate prediction references, in some cases, as determined bysearch results obtained by the predictor (635), an input picture mayhave prediction references drawn from multiple reference pictures storedin the reference picture memory (634).

The controller (650) may manage coding operations of the source coder(630), including, for example, setting of parameters and subgroupparameters used for encoding the video data.

Output of all aforementioned functional units may be subjected toentropy coding in the entropy coder (645). The entropy coder (645)translates the symbols as generated by the various functional units intoa coded video sequence, by lossless compressing the symbols according totechnologies such as Huffman coding, variable length coding, arithmeticcoding, and so forth.

The transmitter (640) may buffer the coded video sequence(s) as createdby the entropy coder (645) to prepare for transmission via acommunication channel (660), which may be a hardware/software link to astorage device which would store the encoded video data. The transmitter(640) may merge coded video data from the video coder (603) with otherdata to be transmitted, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillarydata streams (sources not shown).

The controller (650) may manage operation of the video encoder (603).During coding, the controller (650) may assign to each coded, picture acertain coded picture type, which may affect the coding techniques thatmay be applied to the respective picture. For example, pictures oftenmay be assigned as one of the following picture types:

An Intra Picture (I picture) may be one that may be coded anddecoded>without using any other picture in the sequence as a source ofprediction. Some video codecs allow for different types of intrapictures, including, for example>Independent Decoder Refresh (“IDR”)Pictures. A person skilled in the art is aware of those variants of Ipictures and their respective applications and features.

A predictive picture (P picture) may be one that may be coded anddecoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most onemotion vector and reference index to predict the sample values of eachblock.

A bi-directionally predictive picture (B Picture) may be one that may becoded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction rising atmost two motion vectors and reference indices to predict the samplevalues of each block. Similarly, multiple-predictive pictures can usemore than two reference pictures and associated metadata for thereconstruction of a single block.

Source pictures commonly may be subdivided spatially into a plurality ofsample blocks (for example, blocks of 4×4, 8×8, 4×8, or 16×16 sampleseach) and coded on a block-by-block basis. Blocks may be codedpredictively with reference to other (already coded) blocks asdetermined by, the coding assignment applied to the blocks' respectivepictures. For example, blocks of I pictures may be codednon-predictively or they may be coded predictively with reference toalready coded blocks of the same picture (spatial prediction or intraprediction). Pixel blocks of P pictures may be coded predictively, viaspatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to onepreviously coded reference picture. Blocks of B pictures may be codedpredictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction withreference to one or two previously coded reference pictures.

The video encoder (603) may perform coding operations according to apredetermined video coding technology or standard, such as ITU-T Rec.H.265. In its operation, the video encoder (603) may perform variouscompression operations, including predictive coding operations thatexploit temporal and spatial redundancies in the input video sequence.The coded video data, therefore, may conform to a syntax specified bythe video coding technology or standard being used.

In an embodiment, the transmitter (640) may transmit additional datawith the encoded video. The source coder (630) may include such data aspart of the coded video sequence. Additional data may comprisetemporal/spatial/SNR enhancement layers, other forms of redundant datasuch as redundant pictures and slices, SEI messages, VUI parameter setfragments, and so on.

A video may be captured as a plurality of source pictures (videopictures) in a temporal sequence. Intra-picture prediction (oftenabbreviated to intra prediction) makes use of spatial correlation in agiven picture, and inter-picture prediction makes uses of the (temporalor other) correlation between the pictures. In an example, a specificpicture under encoding/decoding, which is referred to as a currentpicture, is partitioned into blocks. When a block in the current pictureis similar to a reference block in a previously coded and still bufferedreference picture in the, video, the block in the current picture can becoded by a vector that is referred to as a motion vector. The motionvector points to the reference block in the reference picture, and canhave a third dimension identifying the reference picture, in casemultiple reference pictures are in use.

In some embodiments, a bi-prediction technique can be used in theinter-picture prediction. According to the bi-prediction technique, tworeference pictures, such as a first reference picture and a secondreference picture that are both prior in decoding order to the currentpicture in the video (but may be in the past and future, respectively,in display order) are used. A block in the current picture can be codedby a first motion vector that points to a first reference block in thefirst reference picture, and a second motion vector that points to asecond reference block in the second reference picture. The block can bepredicted by a combination of the first reference block and the secondreference block.

Further, a merge mode technique can be used in the inter-pictureprediction to improve coding efficiency.

According to some embodiments of the disclosure, predictions, such asinter-picture predictions and intra-picture predictions are performed inthe unit of blocks. Far example, according to the HEVC standard, apicture in a sequence of video pictures is partitioned into coding treeunits (CTU) for compression, the CTUs in a picture have the same size,such as 64×64 pixels, 32×32 pixels 16×16 pixels. In general, a CTUincludes three coding tree blocks (CTBs), which are one luma CTB and twochroma CTBs. Each CTU can be recursively quadtree split into one ormultiple coding units (CUs). For example, a CTU of 64×64 pixels can besplit into one CU of 64×64 pixels, or 4 CUs of 32×32 pixels, or 16 CUsof 16×16 pixels. In an example, each CU is analyzed to determine aprediction type for the CU, such as an inter prediction type or an intraprediction type. The CU is split into one or more prediction units (PUs)depending on the temporal and or spatial predictability. Generally, eachPU includes a luma prediction block (PB), and two chroma PBs. In anembodiment, a prediction operation in coding (encoding/decoding) isperformed in the unit of a prediction block. Using a luma predictionblock as an example of a prediction block, the prediction block includesa matrix of values (e.g., values) for such as 8×8 pixels, 16×16 pixels,8×16 pixels, 16×8 pixels, and the like.

FIG. 7 shows a diagram of a video encoder (703) according to anotherembodiment of the disclosure. The video encoder (703) is configured toreceive a processing block (e.g., a prediction block) of sample valueswithin a current video picture in a sequence of video pictures, andencode the processing block into a coded picture that is part of a codedvideo sequence. In an example, the video encoder (703) is used in theplace of the video encoder (403) in the FIG. 4 example.

In an HEVC example, the video encoder (703) receives a matrix of samplevalues for a processing block, such as a prediction block of 8×8samples, and the like. The video encoder (703) determines whether theprocessing block is best coded using intra mode, inter mode, orbi-prediction mode using, for example, rate-distortion optimization.When the processing block is to be coded in intra mode, the videoencoder (703) may use an Ultra prediction technique to encode theprocessing block into the coded picture; and when the processing blockis to be coded in inter mode or bi-prediction mode, the video encoder(703) may use an inter prediction or bi-prediction technique,respectively, to encode the processing block into the coded picture. Incertain video coding technologies, merge mode can be an inter pictureprediction submode where the motion vector is derived from one or moremotion vector predictors without the benefit of a coded motion vectorcomponent outside the predictors. In certain other video codingtechnologies, a motion vector component applicable to the subject blockmay be present. In an example, the video encoder (703) includes othercomponents, such as a mode decision module (not shown) to determine themode of the processing blocks.

In the FIG. 7 example, the video encoder (703) includes the interencoder (730), an intra encoder (722), a residue calculator (723), aswitch (726), a residue encoder (724), a general controller (721), andan entropy encoder (725) coupled together as shown in FIG. 7.

The inter encoder (730) is configured to receive the samples of thecurrent block (e.g., a processing block), compare the block to one ormore reference blocks in reference pictures (e.g., blocks in previouspictures and later pictures), generate infer prediction information(e.g., description of redundant information according to inter encodingtechnique, motion vectors, merge mode information), and calculate interprediction results (e.g., predicted block) based on the inter predictioninformation using any suitable technique. In some examples, thereference pictures are decoded reference pictures that are decoded basedon the encoded video information.

The intra encoder (722) is configured to receive the samples of thecurrent block (e.g., a processing block), in some cases compare theblock to blocks already coded in the same picture, generate quantizedcoefficients after transform, and in some cases also intra predictioninformation (e.g., an intra prediction direction information accordingto one or more intra encoding techniques). In an example, the intraencoder (722) also calculates intra prediction results (e.g., predictedblock) based on the intra, prediction information and reference blocksin the same picture.

The general controller (721) is configured to determine general controldata and control other components of the video encoder (703) based onthe general, control data. In an example, the general controller (721)determines the mode of the block, and provides a control signal to theswitch (726) based on the mode. For example, when the mode is the intramode, the general controller (721) controls the switch (726) to selectthe intra mode result for use by the residue calculator (723), andcontrols the entropy encoder (725) to select the intra predictioninformation and include the intra prediction information in thebitstream; and when the mode is the inter mode, the general controller(721) controls the switch (726) to select the inter prediction resultfor use by the residue calculator (723), and controls the entropyencoder (725) to select the inter prediction information and include theinter prediction information in the bitstream.

The residue calculator (723) is configured to calculate a difference(residue data) between the received block and prediction resultsselected from the intra encoder (722) or the inter encoder (730). Theresidue encoder (724) is configured to operate based on the residue datato encode the residue data to generate the transform coefficients. In anexample, the residue encoder (724) is configured to convert the residuedata from a spatial domain to a frequency domain, and generate thetransform coefficients. The transform coefficients are then subject toquantization processing to obtain quantized transform coefficients. Invarious embodiments, the video encoder (703) also includes a residuedecoder (728). The residue decoder (728) is configured to performinverse-transform, and generate the decoded residue data. The decodedresidue data can be suitably used by the intra encoder (722) and theinter encoder (730). For example, the inter encoder (730) can generatedecoded blocks based on the decoded residue data and inter predictioninformation, and the intra encoder (722) can venerate decoded blocksbased on the decoded residue data and the intra prediction information.The decoded blocks are suitably processed to generate decoded picturesand the decoded pictures can be buffeted in a memory circuit (not shown)and used as reference pictures in some examples.

The entropy encoder (725) is configured to format the bitstream toinclude the encoded block. The entropy encoder (725) is configured toinclude various information according to a suitable standard, such asthe HEVC standard. In an example, the entropy encoder (725) isconfigured to include the general control data, the selected predictioninformation (e.g., intra prediction information or inter predictioninformation), the residue information, and other suitable information inthe bitstream. Note that, according to the disclosed subject matter,when coding a block in the merge submode of either inter mode orbi-prediction mode, there is no residue information.

FIG. 8 shows a diagram of-a video decoder (810) according to anotherembodiment of the disclosure. The video decoder (810) is configured toreceive coded pictures that are part of a coded video sequence, anddecode the coded pictures to generate reconstructed pictures. In anexample, the video decoder (810) is used in the place of the videodecoder (410) in the FIG. 4 example.

In the FIG. 8 example, the video decoder (810) includes an entropydecoder (871), an inter decoder (880), a residue decoder (873), areconstruction module (874), and an intra decoder (872) coupled togetheras shown in FIG. 8.

The entropy decoder (871) can be configured to reconstruct, from thecoded picture, certain symbols that represent the syntax elements ofwhich the coded picture is made up. Such symbols can include, forexample, the mode in which a block is coded (such as, for example, intramode, inter mode, bi-predicted made, the latter two in merge submode oranother submode), prediction information (such as, for example, intraprediction information or inter prediction information) that canidentify certain sample or metadata that is used for prediction by theintra decoder (872) or the inter decoder (880), respectively, residualinformation in the form of, for example, quantized transformcoefficients, and the like, in an example, when the prediction mode isinter or bi-predicted mode, the inter prediction information is providedto the inter decoder (880); and. when the prediction type is the intraprediction type, the intra prediction information is provided to theintra decoder (872). The residual information can be subject to inversequantization and is provided to the residue decoder (873).

The inter decoder (880) is configured to receive the inter predictioninformation, and generate inter prediction results based on the interprediction information.

The intra decoder (872) is configured to receive the intra predictioninformation, and generate prediction results based on the intraprediction information.

The residue decoder (873) is configured to perform inverse quantizationto extract de-quantized transform coefficients, and process thede-quantized transform coefficients to convert the residual from thefrequency domain to the spatial domain. The residue decoder (873) mayalso require certain control information (to include the QuantizerParameter (QP)) and that information may be provided by the entropydecoder (871) (data path not depicted as this may be low volume controlinformation only).

The reconstruction module (874) is configured to combine, in the spatialdomain, the residual as output by the residue decoder (873) and theprediction results (as output by the inter or Mira prediction modules asthe case may be) to form, a reconstructed block, that may be part of thereconstructed picture, which in turn may be part of the reconstructedvideo. It is noted that other suitable operations, such as a deblockingoperation and the like, can be performed to improve the visual quality.

It is noted that the video encoders (403), (603), and (703), and thevideo decoders (410), (510), and (810) can be implemented using anysuitable technique. In an embodiment, the video encoders (403), (603),and (703), and the video decoders (410), (510), and (810) can beimplemented using one or more integrated circuits. In anotherembodiment, the video encoders (403), (603), and (603), and the videodecoders (410), (510), and (810) can be implemented using one or moreprocessors that execute software instructions.

Aspects of the disclosure provide filtering techniques that can beapplied to various filters, such as an adaptive loop filter (ALF), across component filter (CCF), a loop restoration filter, an in loopconstrained directional enhanced filter (CDEF), and the like.

An adaptive loop filter (ALF) with block-based filter adaption can beapplied by encoders/decoders to reduce artifacts. For a luma component,one of a plurality of filters (e.g., 25 filters) can be selected for a4×4 luma block, for example, based cm a direction an activity of localgradients.

An ALF can have any suitable shape and size. Referring to FIG. 9, ALFs(910)-(911) have a diamond shape, such as a 5×5 diamond-shape for theALF (910) and a 7×7 diamond-shape for the ALE (911). In the ALE (910),elements (920)-(932) form a diamond shape and can be used in thefiltering process. Seven values (e.g. C0-C6) can be used for theelements (920)-(932). In the ALF (911), elements (940)-(964) forms adiamond shape and can be used in the filtering process. Thirteen values(e.g., C0-C12) can be used for the elements (940)-(964).

Referring to FIG. 9, in some examples, the two ALFs (910)-(911) with thediamond filter shape are used. The 5×5 diamond-shaped filter (910) canbe applied for chrome components (e.g., aroma blocks, chroma CBs), andthe 7×7 diamond-shaped filter (911) can be applied for a luma component(e.g., a luma block, a luma CB), Other suitable shape(s) and size(s) canbe used in the ALF. For example, a 9×9 diamond-shaped filter can beused.

Filter coefficients at locations indicated by the values (e.g., C0-C6 in(910) or C0-C2 in (920)) can be non-zero. Further, when the ALF includesa clipping function, clipping values at the locations can be non-zero.

For block classification of a luma component, a 4×4 block (or lumablock, luma CB) can be categorized or classified as one of multiple(e.g., 25) classes. A classification index C can be, derived based on adirectionality parameter D and a quantized value Â of an activity valueA using Eq. (1).

C=5D+Â  Eq. (1)

To calculate the directionality parameter D and the quantized value Â,gradients g_(v), g_(h), g_(d1), and g_(d2)of a vertical, a horizontal,and two diagonal directions (e,g., d1 and d2), respectively, can becalculated using 1-D Laplacian as follows.

g _(v)=Σ_(k=i−2) ^(i+3)Σ_(l=j−2) ^(j+3) V _(k,l) , V_(k,l)=|2R(k,l)−R(k,l−1)−R(k,l+1)|  Eq. (2)

g _(h)=Σ_(k=i−2) ^(i+3)Σ_(l=j−2) ^(j+3) H _(k,l) , H_(k,l)=|2R(k,l)−R(k−1l)−R(k,+1l)|  Eq. (3)

g _(d1)=Σ_(k=i−2) ^(i+3)Σ_(l=j−3) ^(j+3) D1_(k,l) ,D1_(k,l)=|2R(k,l)−R(k−1,l−1)−R(k+1,l+1)|  Eq. (4)

g _(d2)=Σ_(k=i−2) ^(i+3)Σ_(l=j−2) ^(j+3) D2_(k,l) ,D2_(k,l)=|2R(k,l)−R(k,l−1,l+1)−R(k+1,l−1)|  Eq. (5)

where indices i and j refer to coordinates of, an upper left samplewithin the 4×4 block and R(k,l) indicates a reconstructed sample at acoordinate (k,l). The directions (e.g., d1 and d2) can refer to 2diagonal directions.

To reduce complexity of the block classification described above, asubsampled 1-D Laplacian calculation can be applied. FIGS. 10A-10D howexamples of subsampled positions used for calculating the gradientsg_(v), g_(h), g_(d1), and g_(d2) of the vertical (FIG. 10A), thehorizontal (FIG. 10B), and the two diagonal directions d1 (FIG. 10C) andd2 (FIG. 10D), respectively. The same subsampled positions can be usedfor gradient calculation of the different directions. In FIG. 10A,labels ‘V’ show the subsampled positions to calculate the verticalgradient g_(v). In FIG. 10B, labels ‘H’ show the subsampled positions tocalculate the horizontal gradient g_(h). In FIG. 10C, labels ‘D1’ showthe subsampled positions to calculate the d1 diagonal gradient g_(d1).In FIG. 10D, labels ‘D2’ show the subsampled positions to calculate thed2 diagonal gradient g_(d2).

A maximum value g_(h,v) ^(max) and a minimum value g_(h,v) ^(min) of thegradients of horizontal and vertical directions g_(v) and g_(h) can beset as:

g _(h,v) ^(max)=max(g _(h) ,g _(v)), g _(h,v) ^(min)=min(g _(h,) ,g_(v))   Eq. (6)

A maximum value g_(d1,d2) ^(max) and a minimum value g_(d1,d2) ^(min) ofthe gradients of two diagonal directions g_(d1) and g_(d2) can be setas:

g _(d1,d2) ^(max)=max(g _(d1) ,g _(d2)), g_(d1,d2) ^(min)=min(g _(d1) ,g_(d2))   Eq. (7)

The directionality parameter D can be derived based on the above valuesand two thresholds t₁ and t₂ as below.

-   Step 1. If (1) g_(h,v) ^(max)≤t₁·g_(h,v) ^(min) and (2) g_(d1,d2)    ^(max)≤t₁·g_(d1,d2) ^(min) are true, D is set to 0.-   Step 2. If g_(h,v) ^(max)/g_(h,v) ^(min)>g_(d1,d2) ^(max)/g_(d1,d2)    ^(min), continue to Step 3; otherwise continue to Step 4.-   Step 3. If g_(h,v) ^(max)>t₂·g_(h,v) ^(min), D is set to 2;    otherwise D is set to 1.-   Step 4. If g_(d1,d2) ^(max)>t₂·g_(d1,d2) ^(min), D is set to 4;    other rise D is set to 3.

The activity value A can be calculated as:

A=Σ _(k=i−2) ^(i+3)Σ_(l=j−2) ^(j+3)(V _(k,l) +H _(k,l))=g _(v) +g _(h)  Eq. (8)

A can be further quantized to a range of 0 to 4, inclusively, and thequantized value is denoted as Â.

For chroma components in a picture, no block classification is applied,and thus a single set of ALF coefficients can be applied for each chromacomponent.

Geometric transformations can be applied to filter coefficients andcorresponding filter clipping values (also referred to as clippingvalues). Before filtering a block (e.g., a 4×4 luma block), geometrictransformations such as rotation or diagonal and vertical flipping canbe applied to the filter coefficients f(k,l) and the correspondingfilter clipping values c(k,l), for example, depending on gradient values(e.g., g_(v), g_(h), g_(d1), and g_(d2)) calculated for the block. Thegeometric transformations applied to the filter coefficients f(k,l) andthe corresponding filter clipping values c(k,l) can be equivalent toapplying the geometric transformations to samples in a region supportedby the filter. The geometric transformations can make different blocksto winch an ALF is applied more similar by aligning the respectivedirectionality.

Three geometric transformations, including a diagonal flip, a verticalflip, and a rotation can be performed as described by Eqs. (9)-(11),respectively.

f _(D)(k,l)=f(l,k), c _(D)(k,l)=c(l,k),   Eq. (9)

f _(V)(k,l)=f(k,K−l−1), c _(V)(k,l)=c(k,K−l−1)   Eq. (10)

f _(R)(k,l)=f(K−l−1,k), c _(R)(k,l)=c(K−l−1,k)   Eq. (11)

where K is a size of the ALF or the filter, and 0≤k,l≤K−1 arecoordinates of coefficients. For example, a location (0,0) is at anupper left corner and a location (K−1,K−1) is at a lower right corner ofthe filter f or a clipping value matrix (or clipping matrix) c. Thetransformations can be applied to the filter coefficients f(k,l) and theclipping values c(k,l) depending on the gradient values calculated forthe block. An example of a relationship between the transformation andthe four gradients are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Mapping of the gradient calculated for a block and thetransformation Gradient values Transformation g_(d2) < g_(d1) and g_(h)< g_(v) No transformation g_(d2) < g_(d1) and g_(v) < g_(h) Diagonalflip g_(d1) < g_(d2) and g_(h) < g_(v) Vertical flip g_(d1) < g_(d2) andg_(v) < g_(h) Rotation

In some embodiments, ALF filter parameters are signaled in an AdaptationParameter Set (APS) for a picture. In the APS, one or more sets (e.g.,up to 25 sets) of harm filter coefficients and clipping value indexescan, be signaled. In an example, a set of the one or more sets caninclude luma filter coefficients and one or more clipping value indexes.One or more sets (e.g., up to 8 sets) of chroma filter coefficients andclipping value indexes can be signaled. To reduce signaling overhead,filter coefficients of different classifications (e.g., having differentclassification indices) for luma components can be merged. In a sliceheader, indices of the APSs used for a current slice can be signaled.

In an embodiment, a clipping value index (also referred to as clippingindex) can be decoded from the APS. The clipping value index can be usedto determine a corresponding clipping value, for example, based on arelationship between the clipping value index and the correspondingclipping value. The relationship can be pre-defined and stored in adecoder. In an example, the relationship is described by a table, suchas a luma table (e.g., used for a luma CB) of the clipping value indexand the corresponding clipping value, a chroma table (e.g., used for achroma CB) of the clipping value index and the corresponding clippingvalue. The clipping value can be dependent of a bit depth B. The bitdepth B can refer to an internal bit depth, a bit depth of reconstructedsamples in a CB to be filtered, or the like. In some examples, a table(e.g., a luma table, a chroma table) is obtained using Eq. (12).

$\begin{matrix}{{{AlfClip} = \left\{ {{{round}\mspace{11mu}\left( 2^{B\frac{N - n + 1}{N}} \right)\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} n} \in \left\lbrack {1\ldots\; N} \right\rbrack} \right\}},} & {{Eq}.\mspace{11mu}(12)}\end{matrix}$

where AlfClip is the clipping value, B is the bit depth (e.g.,bitDepth), (e.g., N=4) is a number of allowed clipping values, and (n−1)is the clipping value index (also referred to as clipping index orclipIdx). Table 2 shows an example of a table obtained using Eq. (12)with N=4. The clipping index (n−1) can be 0, 1, 2, and 3 in Table 2, andn can be 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Table 2 can be used for lumablocks or chroma blocks.

TABLE 2 AlfClip can depend on the bit depth B and clipIdx clipIdxbitDepth 0 1 2 3 8 255 64 16 4 9 511 108 23 5 10 1023 181 32 6 11 2047304 45 7 12 4095 512 64 8 13 8191 861 91 10 14 16383 1448 128 11 1532767 2435 181 13 16 65535 4096 256 16

In a slice header for a current slice, one or more APS indices (e.g., upto 7 APS indices) can be signaled to speci4 luma filter sets that can beused lilt the current slice. The filtering process can be controlled atone or more suitable levels, such as a picture level, a slice level, aCTB level, sand or the like. In an embodiment the filtering process canbe further controlled at a CTB level, A flag can be signaled to indicatewhether the ALF is applied to a luma CTB. The luma CTB can choose afilter set among a plurality of fixed filter sets (e.g., 16 fixed filtersets) and the filter set(s) (also referred to as signaled filter set(s))that are signaled in the APSs. A filter set index can be signaled forthe hum CTB to indicate the filter set (e.g., the filter set among theplurality of fixed filter sets and the signaled filter set(s)) to beapplied. The plurality of fixed filter sets can be pre-defined andhard-coded in an encoder and a decoder, and can be referred to aspre-defined filter sets.

For a chroma component an APS index can be signaled in the slice headerto indicate the chroma filter sets to be used for the current slice. Atthe CTB level, a filter set index can be signaled for each chroma CTB ifthere is more than one chroma filter set in the APS.

The filter coefficients can be quantized with a norm equal to 128. Inorder to decrease the multiplication complexity, a bitstream conformancecan be applied so that the coefficient value of the non-central positioncan be in a range of −27 to 27−1, inclusive. In an example, the centralposition coefficient is not signaled in the bitstream and can beconsidered as equal to 128.

In some embodiments, the syntaxes and semantics of clipping index andclipping values are defined as follows:

-   alf_luma_clip_idx[sfIdx][j] can be used to specify the clipping    index of the clipping value to use before multiplying by the j-th    coefficient of the signaled luma filter indicated by sfIdx. A    requirement of bitstream conformance can include that the values of    alf_luma_clip_idx[sfIdx][j] with sfIdx=0 to    alf_luma_num_filters_signalled_minus1 and j=0 to 11 shall be in the    range of 0 to 3, inclusive.-   The luma filter clipping values    AlfClipL[adaptation_parameter_set_id] with elements    AlfClipL[adaptation_parameter_set_id ][filtIdx][j], with filtIdx=0    to NumAlfFilters−1 and j=0 to 11 can be derived as specified in    Table 2 depending on bitDepth set equal to BitDepthY and clipIdx set    equal to alf_luma_clip_idx[alf_luma_coeff_delta_idx[filtIdx]][j].-   alf_chroma_idx[altIdx][j] can be used to specify the clipping index    of the clipping value to use before multiplying by the j-th    coefficient of the alternative chroma filter with index altIdx. A    requirement of bitstream conformance can include that the values of    alf_chroma_clip_idx[altIdx][j] with altIdx=0 to    alf_chroma_num_alt_filters_minus1, j=0 to 5 shall be in the range of    0 to 3, inclusive.-   The chroma filter clipping values    AlfClipC[adaptation_parameter_set_id][altIdx] with elements    AlfClipC[adaptation_parameter_set_id][altIdx][j], with altIdx=0 to    alf_chroma_num_alt_filters_minus1, j=0 to 5 can be derived as    specified in Table 2 depending bitDepth set equal to BitDepthC and    clipIdx. set equal to alf_chroma_clip_idx[altIdx][j].

In an embodiment, the filtering process can be described as below. At adecoder side, when the ALF is enabled for a CTB, a sample R(i,j) withina CU (or CB) can be filtered, resulting in a filtered sample valueR′(i,j) as shown below using Eq. (13). In an example, each sample in theCU is filtered.

$\begin{matrix}{{R^{\prime}\left( {i,j} \right)} = {{R\left( {i,j} \right)} + \left( {\left( {{\sum\limits_{k \neq 0}{\sum\limits_{l \neq 0}{{f\left( {k,l} \right)} \times {K\left( {{{R\left( {{i + k},{j + l}} \right)} - {R\left( {i,j} \right)}},{c\left( {k,l} \right)}} \right)}}}} + 64} \right) ⪢ 7} \right)}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{11mu}(13)}\end{matrix}$

where f(k,l) denotes the decoded filter coefficients, K(x, y) is aclipping function, and c(k,l) denotes the decoded clipping parameters(or clipping values). The variables k and l can vary between −L/2 andL/2 where L denotes a filter length. The clipping function K(x, y)=min(y, max(−y, x)) corresponds to a clipping function Clip3 (−y, y, x). Byincorporating the clipping function K(x y), the loop filtering method(e.g,., ALF) becomes a non-linear process, and can be referred to anonlinear ALF.

In the nonlinear ALF, multiple sets of clipping values can be providedin Table 3. In an example, a luma set includes four clipping values{1024, 181, 32, 6}, and a chroma set includes 4 clipping values {1024,161, 25, 4}. The four clipping. values in the hum set can be selected,by approximately equally splitting, in a logarithmic domain, a fullrange (e.g., 1024) of the sample values (coded on 10 bits) for a humblock. The range can be from 4 to 1024 for the chroma set.

TABLE 3 Examples of clipping values INTRA/INTER tile group LUMA {1024,181, 32, 6} CHROMA {1024, 161, 25, 4}

The selected clipping values can be coded in an “alf_data” syntaxelement as follows: a suitable encoding scheme (e.g., a Golomb encodingscheme) can be used to encode a clipping index corresponding to theselected clipping value such as shown in Table 3. The encoding schemecan be the same encoding scheme used for encoding the filter set index.

In an embodiment, a virtual boundary filtering process can be used toreduce a line buffer requirement of the ALF. Accordingly, modified blockclassification and filtering can be employed for samples near CTUboundaries (e.g., a horizontal CTU boundary). A virtual boundary (1130)can be defined as a line by shifting a horizontal CTU boundary (1120) by“N_(samples)” samples, as shown in FIG. 11A, where N_(samples) can be apositive integer. In an example, N_(samples) is equal to 4 for a lumacomponent, and N_(samples) is equal to 2 for a chroma component.

Referring to FIG. 11A, a modified block classification can be appliedfor a luma component. In an example, for the 1D Laplacian gradientcalculation of a 4×4 block (1110) above the virtual boundary (1130),only samples above the virtual boundary (1130) are used. Similarly,referring to FIG. 11B, for a 1D Laplacian gradient calculation of a 4×4block (1111) below a virtual boundary (1131) that is shifted from a CTUboundary (1121), only samples below the virtual boundary (1131) areused. The quantization of an activity value A can he accordingly scaledby taking into account a reduced number of samples used in the 1DLaplacian gradient calculation.

For a filtering processing, a symmetric padding operation at virtualboundaries can be used for both a luma component and a chroma component.FIGS. 12A-12F illustrate examples of such modified ALF filtering for aluma component at virtual boundaries. When a sample being filtered islocated below a virtual boundary, neighboring samples that are locatedabove the virtual boundary can be padded. When a sample being filteredis located above a virtual boundary, neighboring samples that arelocated below the virtual boundary can be padded. Referring to FIG. 12A,a neighboring sample C0 can be padded with a sample C2 that is locatedbelow a virtual boundary (1210). Referring to FIG. 12B, a neighboringsample C0 can be padded with a sample C2 that is located above a virtualboundary (1220). Referring to FIG. 12C, neighboring samples C1-C3 can bepadded with samples C5-C7, respectively, that are located below avirtual, boundary (1230). Referring to FIG. 12D, neighboring samplesC1-C3 can be padded with samples C5-C7, respectively, that are locatedabove a virtual boundary (1240). Referring to FIG. 12E, neighboringsamples C4-C8 can be padded with samples C10, C11, C12, C11, and C10,respectively, that are located below a virtual boundary (1250).Referring to FIG. 12E, neighboring samples C4-C8 can be padded withsamples C10, C11, C12, C11, and C10, respectively, that are locatedabove a virtual boundary (1260).

In some examples, the above description can be suitably adapted whensample(s) and neighboring sample(s) are located to the left (or to theright) and to the right (or to the left) of a virtual boundary,

According to an aspect of the disclosure, in order to improve codingefficiency, pictures can be partitioned based on filtering process. Insome examples, a CTU rs also referred to as a largest coding unit (LCU).In an example, the CTU or LCU can have a size of 64×64 pixels. In someembodiments, LCU-Aligned picture quadtree splitting can be used for thefiltering based partition. In some examples, the coding unit synchronouspicture quadtree-based adaptive loop filter can be used. For example,the turns picture can be split into several multi-level quadtreepartitions, and each partition boundary is aligned to the boundaries ofthe LCUs. Each partition has its own filtering process and thus bereferred to as a fiber unit (FU).

In some examples, a 2-pass encoding flow can be used. At a first pass ofthe 2-pass encoding flow, the quadtree split pattern of the picture andthe best filter of each FU can be determined. In some embodiment, thedetermination of the quadtree split pattern of the picture and thedetermination of the best filters for FUs are based on filteringdistortions. The filtering distortions can be estimated by fastfiltering distortion estimation (FFDE) technique during thedetermination process. The picture is partitioned using quadtreepartition. According to the determined quadtree split pattern and theselected filters of all FUs, the reconstructed picture can be filtered.

At a second pass of the 2-pass encoding flow, the CU synchronous ALFon/off control is performed. According to the ALF on/off results, thefirst filtered picture is partially recovered by the reconstructedpicture.

Specifically, in some examples, a top-down splitting strategy is adoptedto divide a picture into multi-level quadtree partitions by using arate-distortion criterion. Each partition is called a filter unit (FU).The splitting process aligns quadtree partitions with LCU boundaries.The encoding order of FUs follows the z-scan order.

FIG. 13 shows a partition example according to some embodiments of thedisclosure. In the FIG. 13 example, a picture (1300) is split into 10FUs, and the encoding order is FU0, FU1, FU2, FU3, FU4, FU5, FU6, FU7,FU8, and FU9.

FIG. 14 shows a quadtree split pattern (1400) for the picture (1300). Inthe FIG. 14 example, split flags are used to indicate the picturepartition pattern. For example, “1” indicates a quadtree partition isperformed on the block: and “0” indicates that the block is not furtherpartitioned. In some examples, a minimum size FU has the LCU size, andno split flag is needed for the minimum size FU. The split flags areencoded and transmitted in z-order as shown in FIG. 14.

In some examples, the filter of each FU is selected from two filter setsbased on the rate-distortion criterion. The first set has 1/2-symmetricsquare-shaped and rhombus-shaped filters derived for the current FU. Thesecond set comes from time-delayed filter buffers; the time-delayedfilter buffers store the filters previously derived for FUs of priorpictures. The filter with the minimum rate-distortion cost of these twosets can be chosen for the current FU. Similarly, if the current FU isnot the smallest FU and can be further split into 4 children FUs, therate-distortion costs of the 4 children are calculated. By comparing therate-distortion cost of the split and non-split cases recursively, thepicture quadtree split pattern can be decided.

In some examples, a Maximum quadtree split level may be used to limitthe maximum number of FUs. In an example, when the maximum quadtreesplit level is 2, the maximum number of FUs is 16. Further, during thequadtree split determination, the correlation values for deriving Wienercoefficients of the 16 FUs at the bottom quadtree level (smallest FUs)can be reused. The rest FUs can derive their Wiener filters from thecorrelations of the 16 FUs at the bottom quadtree level. Therefore, inthe example, only one frame buffer access is performed for deriving thefilter coefficients of all FUs.

After the quadtree split pattern is decided, to further reduce thefiltering distortion, the CU synchronous ALF on/off control can beperformed. By comparing the filtering distortion and non-filteringdistortion at each leaf CU, the leaf CU can explicitly switch ALF on/offin its local region. In some examples, the coding efficiency may befurther improved by redesigning the filter coefficients according to theALF on/off results.

A cross-component filtering process can apply cross-component filters,such as cross-component adaptive loop filters (CC-ALFs). Thecross-component filter can use luma sample values of a luma component(e.g., a luma CB) to refine a chroma component (e.g., a chroma CBcorresponding to the luma CB). In an example, the luma CB and the chromaCB are included in a CU.

FIG. 15 shows cross-component filters (e.g., CC-ALFs) used to generatechroma components according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In someexamples, FIG. 15 shows filtering processes for a first chroma component(e.g., a first chroma CB), a second chroma component (e.g., a secondchroma CB), and a luma component (e.g., a luma CB). The luma componentcan be filtered by a sample adaptive offset (SAO) filter (1510) togenerate a SAO filtered luma component (1541). The SAO filtered lumacomponent (1541) can be further filtered by an ALF luma filter (1516) tobecome a filtered luma CB (1561) (e.g., ‘Y’)

The first chroma component can be filtered by a SAO filter (1512) and anALF chroma filter (1518) to generate a first intermediate component(1552). Further, the SAO filtered luma component (1541) can be filteredby a cross-component filter (e.g., CC-ALF) (1521) for the, first chromacomponent to generate a second intermediate component (1542).Subsequently, a filtered first chroma component (1562) (e.g., ‘Cb’) canbe generated based on at least one of the second intermediate component(1542) and the first intermediate component (1552). In an example, thefiltered first chroma component (1562) (e.g., ‘Cb’) can be generated bycombining the second intermediate component (1542) and the firstintermediate component (1552) with an adder (1522). The cross-componentadaptive loop filtering process for the first chroma component caninclude, a step performed by the CC-ALF (1521) and a step performed by,for example, the adder (1522).

The above description can be adapted. to the second chroma component.The second chroma component can be filtered by a SAO filter (1514) andthe ALF chroma filter (1518) to generate a third intermediate component(1553). Further, the SAO filtered luma component (1541) can be filteredby a cross-component filter (e.g., a CC-ALF) (1531) for the secondchroma component to generate a fourth intermediate component (1543).Subsequently, a filtered second chroma component (1563) (e.g., ‘Cr’) canbe generated based on at least one of the fourth intermediate component(1543) and the third intermediate component (1553). In an example, thefiltered second chroma component (1563) (e.g., ‘Cr’) can be generated bycombining the fourth intermediate component (1543) and the thirdintermediate component (1553) with an, adder (1532). In an example, thecross-component adaptive loop, filtering process for the second chromacomponent can include a step performed by the CV-ALF (1531) and a stepperformed by, for example, the adder (1532),

A cross-component filter (e.g., the CC-ALF (1521, the CC-ALF (1531)) canoperate by applying a linear filter having an suitable filter shape tothe luma component (or a luma channel) to refine each chroma component(e.g., the first chroma component, the second chroma component).

FIG. 16 shows an example of a filter (1600) according to an embodimentof the disclosure. The filter (1600) can include non-zero filtercoefficients and <zero filter coefficients. The filter (1600) has adiamond shape (1620) formed by filter coefficients (1610) (indicated bycircles having black 1111). In an example, the non-zero filtercoefficients in the filter (1600) are included in the filtercoefficients (1610), and filter coefficients not included in the filtercoefficients (1610) are zero. Thus, the non-zero filter coefficients inthe filter (1600) are included in the diamond shape (1620), and thefilter coefficients not included in the diamond shape (1620) are zero.In an example, a number of the filter coefficients of the filter (1600)is equal to a number of the filter coefficients (1610), which is 18 inthe example shown in FIG. 16.

The CC-ALF can include any suitable filter coefficients (also referredto as the CC-ALF filter coefficients). Referring back to FIG. 15, theCC-ALF (1521) and the CC-ALF (1531) can have a same filter shape, suchas the diamond shape (1620) shown in FIG. 16, and a same number offilter coefficients. In an example, values of the filter coefficients inthe CC-ALF (1521) are different from values of the filter coefficientsin the CC-ALF (1531).

In general, filter coefficients (e.g., non-zero filter coefficients) ina CC-ALF can be transmitted, for example, in the APS. In an example, thefilter coefficients can be scaled by a factor (e.g., 2¹⁰) and can berounded for a fixed point representation. Application of a CC-ALF can becontrolled on a variable block size and signaled by a context-coded flag(e.g., a CC-ALF enabling flag) received for each block of samples. Thecontext-coded flag such as the CC-ALF enabling flag, can be signaled atany suitable level, such as a block level. The block size along with theCC-ALF enabling flag can be received at a slice-level for each chromacomponent. In some examples, block sizes (in chroma samples) 16×16,32×32, and 64×64 can be supported.

FIG. 17 shows a syntax example for CC-ALF according to some embodimentsof the disclosure. In the FIG. 17 example,

-   alf_ctb_cross_component_cb_idc[xCtb »CtbLog2SizeY][    yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY] is an index. to indicate whether a cross    component Cb filter is used and an index of the cross component Cb    filter fused. For example, when-   alf_ctb_crosscomponent_cb_idc[xCib»CtbLog2SizeY][yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY]    is equal to 0,the cross component Cb filter is not applied to block    of Cb colour component samples at luma location (xCtb, yCtb); when-   alf_ctb_cross_component_eb_idc[xCtb»CtbLog2SizeY][yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY]    is not equal to 0,-   alf_ctb_cross_component_cb_idc[xCtb»CtbLog2SizeY][yCib»CtbLog2SizeY]    is an index for a lifter to be applied. For example,-   alf_ctb_cross_component_cb_idc[xCtb»CtbLog2SizeY][yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY]-th    cross component Cb filter is applied to the block of Cb colour    component samples at luma location (xCtb, yCtb)

Further, in the FIG. 17 example,

-   alf_ctb_cross_component_cr_idc[xCtb    »CtbLog2SizeY][yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY] is used to indicate whether a    cross component Cr filter is used and index, of the cross component    Cr filter is used. For example, when-   alf_ctb_cross_component_cr_idc[xCtb»CtbLog2SizeY][yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY]    is equal to 0, the cross component Cr filter is not applied to block    of Cr colour component samples at luma location (xCtb, yCtb); when-   alf_ctb_cross_component_cr_idc[xCtb»CtbLog2SizeY][yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY]    is not equal to 0,-   alf_ctb_cross_component_cr_idc[xCtb»CtbLog2SizeY][yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY]    is the index of the cross component Cr filter. For example,-   alf_cross_component_cr_idc[xCtb»CtbLog2SizeY][yCtb»CtbLog2SizeY]-th    cross component Cr filter can be applied to the block of Cr colour    component samples at luma location (xCtb, yCtb)

In some examples, chroma subsampling techniques are used, thus number ofsamples in each of the chroma block(s) can be less than a number ofsamples in the luma block, A chroma subsampling format (also referred toas a chroma subsampling format, e.g., specified) chroma_format_idc) canindicate a chroma horizontal subsampling factor (e.g., SubWidthC) and achroma vertical subsampling factor (e.g., SubHeightC) between each ofthe chroma block(s) and the corresponding luma block. In an example, thechroma subsampling format is 4:2:0, and thus the aroma horizontalsubsampling factor (e.g., SubWidthC) and the chroma vertical subsamplingfactor (e.g., SubHeightC) are 2, as shown in FIGS. 18A-18B. In anexample, the chroma subsampling format is 4:2:2, and thus the chromahorizontal subsampling factor (e.g., SubWidthC) is 2, and the chromavertical subsampling factor (e.g., SubHeightC) is 1. In an example, thechroma subsampling format is 4:4:4, and thus the chroma horizontalsubsampling factor (e.g., SubWidthC) and the chroma vertical subsamplingfactor (e.g,. SubHeightC) are 1. A chroma sample type (also referred toas a chroma sample position) can indicate a relative position of achroma sample in the aroma block with respect to at least onecorresponding luma sample in the luma block.

FIGS. 18A-18B show exemplary locations of chroma samples relative toluma samples according to embodiments of the disclosure. Referring toFIG. 18A, the luma samples (1801) are located in rows (1811)-(1818). Theluma samples (1801) shown in FIG. 18A can represent a portion of apicture, in an example, a luma block (e.g., as luma CB) includes theluma samples (1801). The luma block can correspond to two chroma blockshaving the chroma subsampling format of 4:2:0. In an example, eachchroma block includes chroma samples (1803). Each chroma sample (e.g.,the chroma sample (1803(1)) corresponds to four luma samples (e.g., theluma samples (1801(1))-(1801(4)). In an example, the four luma samplesare the top-left sample (1801(1)), the top-right sample (1801(2)), thebottom-left sample (1801(3)), and the bottom-right sample (1801(4)). Thechroma sample (e.g., 1803(1))) is located at a left center position thatis between the top-left sample (1801(1)) and the bottom-left sample(1801(3)), and a chroma sample type of the chroma block having the aromasamples (1803) can be referred to as a chroma sample type 0. The chromasample type 0 indicates a relative position 0 corresponding to the leftcenter position in the middle of the top-left sample (1801(1)) and thebottom-left sample (1801(3)). The four luma samples (e.g.,(1801(1))-(1801(4))) can be referred to as neighboring luma samples ofthe chroma sample (1803)(1),

In an example, each chroma block includes chroma samples (1804). Theabove description with reference to the chroma samples (1803) can beadapted to the chroma samples (1804), and thus detailed descriptions canbe omitted for purposes of brevity. Each of the chroma samples (1804)can be located at a center position of four corresponding luma samples,and a chroma sample type of the chroma block having, the chroma samples(1804) can be referred to as a chroma sample type 1. The chroma sampletype 1 indicates a relative position 1 corresponding to the centerposition of the four Junta samples (e.g., (801(1))-(180 I(4))), Forexample, one of the chroma samples (1804) can be located at a centerportion of the luma samples (1801(1))-(1801(4)).

In an example, each chroma block includes chroma samples (1805). Each ofthe chroma samples (1805) can be located at a top left position that isco-located with the top-left sample of the four corresponding lumasamples (1801) and a chroma sample type of the chroma block having thechroma samples (1805) can be referred to as a chroma sample type 2.Accordingly, each of the chroma samples (1805) is co-located with thetop left sample of the four luma samples (1801) corresponding to therespective chroma sample. The chroma sample type 2 indicates a relativeposition 2 corresponding to the top left position of the four lumasamples (1801). For example, one of the chroma samples (1805) can belocated at a top left position of the luma samples (1801(1))-(1801(4)).

In an example, each luma block includes chroma samples (1806). Each ofthe chroma samples (1806) can be located at a top center positionbetween a corresponding top-left sample and a corresponding top-rightsample, and a chroma sample type of the chroma block having the chromasamples (1806) can be referred to as a chroma sample type 3. The chromasample type 3 indicates a relative position 3 corresponding to the topcenter position between the top-left sample (and the top-right sample.For example, one of the chroma samples (1806) can be located at a topcenter position of the luma samples (1801(1801(4)).

In an example, each chroma block includes chroma samples (1807). Each ofthe chroma samples (1807) can be located at a bottom left position thatis co-located with the bottom-left sample of the four corresponding lumasamples (1801), and a chroma sample type of the aroma block having thechroma samples (1807) can be referred to as a chroma sample type 4.Accordingly, each of the chroma samples (1807) is co-located with thebottom left sample of the four luma samples (1801) corresponding to therespective chroma sample. The chroma sample type 4 indicates a relativeposition 4 corresponding to the bottom left position of the four lumasamples (1801). For example, one of the chroma samples (1807) can belocated at a bottom left position of the luma samples(1801(1))-(1801(4)).

In an example, each chroma block includes chroma samples (1808). Each ofthe chroma samples (1808) is located at a bottom center position betweenthe bottom-left sample and the bottom-right sample, and a chroma sampletype of the chroma block having the chroma samples (1808) can bereferred to as a chroma sample type 5. The chroma sample type 5indicates a relative position 5 corresponding to the bottom centerposition between the bottom left sample and the bottom-right sample ofthe four luma samples (1801). For example, one of the chroma samples(1808) can be located between the bottom-left sample and thebottom-right sample of the luma samples (1801(1)-(1801(4)).

In general, any suitable chroma sample type can be used for a chromasubsampling format. The chroma sample types 0-5 are exemplary chromasample types described with the chroma subsampling format 4:2:0.Additional aroma sample types may be used for the chroma subsamplingformat 4:2:0. Further, other chroma sample types and/or variations ofthe chroma sample types 0-5 can be used for other chroma subsamplingformats, such as 4:2:2, 4:4:4, or the like. In an example, a chromasample type combining the chroma samples (1805) and (1807) is used forthe chroma subsampling format 4:2:2.

In an example, the luma block is considered to have alternating rows,such as the rows (1811)-(1812) that include the top two samples (e.g.,(1801(1))-(180)(2))) of the four luma samples (e.g.,(1801(1))-(1801(4))) and the bottom two samples (e.g.,(1801(3))-(1801(4))) of the four luma samples (e.g.,(1801(1)-(1801(4))), respectively. Accordingly, the rows (1811), (1813),(1815), and (1817) can be referred to as current rows (also referred toas a top field), and the rows (1812), (1814), (1816), and (1818) can bereferred to as next rows (also referred to as a bottom field). The fourluma samples (e.g., (1801(1))-(1801(4))) are located at the current row(e.g., (1811)) and the next row (e.g., (1812)). The relative positions2-3 are located in the current rows, the relative positions 0-1 arelocated between each current row and the respective next row, arid therelative positions 4-5 are located in the next rows.

The chroma samples (1803), (1804), (1805), (1806), (1807), or (1808) arelocated in rows (1851)-(1854) in each chroma block. Specific locationsof the rows (1851)-(1854) can depend on the chroma sample type of thechroma samples. For example, for the chroma samples (1803)-(1804) havingthe respective chroma sample types 0-1, the row (1851) is locatedbetween the rows (1811)-(1812). For the chroma samples (1805)-(1806)having the respective the chroma sample types 2-3, the row (1851) isco-located with the current row (1811). For the chroma samples(1807)-(1808) having the respective the chroma sample types 4-5, the row(1851) is co-located with the next row (1812). The above descriptionscan be suitably adapted to the rows (1852)-(1854), and the detaileddescriptions are omitted for purposes of brevity.

Any suitable scanning method can be used for displaying, storing, and/ortransmitting the luma block and the corresponding chroma block(s)described above in FIG. 18A. In an example, progressive scanning isused.

An interlaced scan can be used, as shown in FIG. 18B. As describedabove, the chroma subsampling format is 4:2:0 (e.g., chroma_format_idcis equal to 16). In an example, a variable chroma location type (e.g.,ChromaLocType) indicates the current rows (e.g., ChromaLocType ischroma_sample_loc_type_top_field) or the next rows (e.g., ChromaLocTypeis chroma_sample_loc_type_bottom_field). The current rows (1811),(1813), (1815), and (1817) and the next rows (1812), (1814), (1816), and(1818) can be scanned separately, for example, the current rows (1811),(1813), (1815), and (1817) can be scanned first followed by the nextrows (1812), (1814), (1816), and (1818) being scanned. The current rowscan include the luma samples (1801) while the next rows can include theluma samples (1802).

Similarly, the corresponding chroma block can be interlaced scanned. Therows (1851) and (1853) including the chroma samples (1803), (1804),(<18051,(1806), (1807), or (1808) with no fill can be referred to ascurrent rows (or current aroma rows), and the rows (1852) and (1854)including the chroma samples (1803), (1804), (1805), (1806), (1807), or(1808) with gray fill can be referred to as next Tows (or next chromarows). In an example, during the interlaced scan, the rows (1851) and(1853) are scanned first followed by scanning the rows (1852) and(1854).

In some examples, constrained directional enhancement filteringtechniques can be used. The use of an in-loop constrained directionalenhancement filter (CDEF) can filter out coding artifacts whileretaining the details of the image. In an example (e.g., HEVC), sampleadaptive offset (SAO) algorithm can achieves a similar goal by definingsignal offsets for different classes of pixels. Unlike SAO, CDEF is anon-linear spatial filter. In some examples, CDEF can be constrained tobe easily vectorizable (i.e., implementable with single instructionmultiple data (SIMD) operations). It is noted that other non-linearfilters, such as a median filter, a bilateral filter cannot be handledin the same manner.

In some cases, the amount of ringing artifacts, in a coded image tendsto be roughly proportional to the quantization step size. The amount ofdetail is a property of the input image, but the smallest detailretained in the quantized image tends to also be proportional to thequantization step size. For a given quantization step size, theamplitude of the ringing is generally less than the amplitude of thedetails.

CDEF can be used to identity the direction of each block and thenadaptively filter along the identified direction and filter to a lesserdegree along directions rotated 45 degrees from the identifieddirection. In some examples, an encoder can search for the filterstrengths and the filter strengths can be signaled explicitly, whichallows a high degree of control over the blurring.

Specifically, in some examples, the direction search is performed on thereconstructed pixels, just after the deblocking filter. Since thosepixels are available to the decoder, the directions can be searched bythe decoder, and thus the directions require no signaling in an example.In some examples, the direction search can operate on certain blocksize, such 8×8 blocks, which are small enough to adequately handlenon-straight edges, while being large enough to reliably estimatedirections when applied to a quantized image. Also, having a constantdirection over an 8×8 region makes vectorization of the filter easier.In some examples, each block (e.g., 8×8 ) can be compared to perfectlydirectional blocks to determine difference. A perfectly directionalblock is a block where all of the pixels along a line in one directionhave the same value. In an example, a difference measure, of the blockand each of the perfectly directional blocks, such as sum of squareddifferences (SSD), root mean square (RMS) error can be calculated. Then,a perfectly directional block with minimum difference (e.g., minimumSSD, minimum RMS, and the like) can be determined and the direction ofthe determined perfectly directional block can be is direction that bestmatches the pattern in the block.

FIG. 19 shows an example of direction search according to an embodimentof the disclosure. In an example, a block (1910) is an 8×8 block that isreconstructed, and output from a deblocking filter. In the FIG. 19example, the direction search can determine a direction from 8directions shown by (1920) for the block (1910). 8 perfectly directionalblocks (1930) are formed respectively corresponding to the 8 directions(1920). A perfectly directional block corresponding to, a direction is ablock where pixels along a line of the direction have the same value.Further, a difference measure, such as SSD, RMS error and the like, ofthe block (1910) and each of the perfectly directional blocks (1930) canbe calculated. In the FIG. 19 example, the RMS errors are shown by(1940). As shown by (1943), the RMS error of the block (1910) and theperfectly directional block (1933) is the smallest, thus the direction(1923) is the direction that best matches the pattern in the block(1910).

After the direction of the block is identified, a non-linear low passdirectional filter can be determined. For example, the filter taps ofthe non-linear low pass directional filter can be aligned along theidentified direction to reduce ringing while preserving the directionaledges or patterns. However, in some examples, directional filteringalone sometimes cannot sufficiently reduce ringing. In an example, extrafilter taps are also used on pixels that do not lie along the identifieddirection. To reduce the risk of blurring, the extra filter taps aretreated more conservatively. For this reason, CDEF includes primaryfilter taps and secondary filter taps. In an example, a complete 2-DCDEF filter can be expressed as Eq. (14):

$\begin{matrix}{{{y\left( {i,j} \right)} = {{x\left( {i,j} \right)} + {{round}\mspace{11mu}\left( {{\sum\limits_{m,n}{w_{d,m,n}^{(p)}{f\left( {{{x\left( {m,n} \right)} - {x\left( {i,j} \right)}},S^{(p)},D} \right)}}} + {\sum\limits_{m,n}{w_{d,m,n}^{(s)}{f\left( {{{x\left( {m,n} \right)} - {x\left( {i,n} \right)}},S^{(s)},D} \right)}}}} \right)}}},} & {{Eq}.\mspace{11mu}(14)}\end{matrix}$

where denotes a damping parameter, S^((p)) denotes the strength of theprimary filter taps, S^((s)) denotes the strength of the secondaryfilter taps, round(·) denotes an operation that rounds ties away fromzero, w denote the filter weights and f(d, S, D) is a constraintfunction operating on the difference between the filtered pixel and eachof the neighboring pixels. In an example, for small differences, thefunction f(d, S,D) is equal to D, that can make the filter to behavelike a linear filter; when the difference is large, the function f(d, S,D) is equal to 0, that can effectively ignores the filter taps.

In some examples, in-loop restoration schemes are used in video codingpost deblocking to generally denoise and enhance the quality of edges,beyond the deblocking operation. In an example, the in-loop restorationschemes are switchable within a frame per suitably sized tile. Thein-loop restoration, schemes are based on separable symmetric Wienerfilters, dual self-guided filters with subspace projection, and domaintransform recursive filters, Because content statistics can varysubstantially within a frame, in-loop restoration schemes are integratedwithin a switchable framework where different schemes can be triggeredin different regions of the frame.

Separable symmetric Wiener filter can be one of the in-loop restorationschemes, In some examples, every pixel in a degraded frame can bereconstructed as a non-causal filtered version of the pixels within aw×w window around it where w=2r+1 is odd for integer r. If the 2D filtertaps are denoted by a w²×1 element vector F in column-vectorized form, astraightforward LMMSE optimization leads to filter parameters beinggiven by F=H¹M, where H=E[XX^(T)] is the autocovariance of x, thecolumn-vectorized version of the w² samples in the w×w window around apixel, and M=E[YX^(T)] is the cross correlation of x with the scalarsource sample y, to be estimated. In an example, the encoder canestimate H and M from realizations in the deblocked frame and the sourceand can send the resultant filter F to the decoder. However, that. wouldnot only incur a substantial bit rate cost in transmitting w² taps, butalso non-separable filtering will make decoding prohibitively complex,in some embodiments, several additional constraints are imposed on thenature of F. For the first constraint, F is constrained to be separableso that the filtering can be implemented as separable horizontal andvertical w-tap convolutions. For the second constraint, each of thehorizontal and vertical filters are constrained to be symmetric. For thethird constraint, the sum of both the horizontal and vertical filtercoefficients is assumed to sum to 1.

Dual self-guided filtering with subspace projection can be one of thein-loop restoration schemes. Guided filtering is an image filteringtechnique where a local linear model shown by (Eq. 15):

y=Fx+G   (Eq. 15)

is used to compute the filtered output y from an unfiltered sample x,where F and G are determined based on the statistics of the degradedimage and a guidance image in the neighborhood of the filtered pixel. Ifthe guide image is the same as the degraded image, the resultantso-called self-guided filtering has the effect of edge preservingsmoothing. In an example, a specific form of self-guided filtering canbe used. The specific form of self-guided filtering depends on twoparameters: a radius r and a noise parameter e, and is enumerated asfollows steps:

-   -   1. Obtain mean μ and variance σ² of pixels in a (2r+1)×(2r+1)        window around every pixel. This step can be implemented        efficiently with box filtering based on integral imaging.    -   2. Compute for every pixel: f=σ²/(σ²+e); g=(1−f)μ    -   3. Compute F and G for every pixel as averages of f and g values        in a 3×3 window around the pixel for use.

The specific form of self-guided filter is controlled by r and e, wherea higher r implies a higher spatial variance and a higher e implies ahigher range variance.

FIG. 20 shows an example illustrating subspace projection in someexamples. As shown in FIG. 20, even though none of the restorations X₁,X₂ are close to the source Y, appropriate multipliers {α,β} can bringthem much closer to the source Y as long as they are moving somewhat inthe right direction.

Domain transform recursive filters can be one of the in-loop restorationschemes. Domain Transforms are an approach to edge-preserving imagefiltering using 1-D operations, that can be much faster than otheredge-aware processing approaches. The recursive filtering incarnation isused where the processing steps include horizontal left-to-right andright-to-left recursive order-1 filtering, followed by verticaltop-to-bottom and bottom-to-top filtering, conducted over a few(typically 3) iterations. The filter taps are obtained from localhorizontal and vertical gradients of the pixels and the iteration index.

Generally, a filtering process uses the reconstruction samples of onecolor component as input (e.g., Y or Cb or Cr, or R or G or B), and theoutput of the filtering process is applied on the same one or anothercolor component.

Aspects of the disclosure provide joint-component filtering (JCF)techniques that use reconstruction samples from multiple colorcomponents as input of the filtering process, and the output of thefiltering process can be applied on multiple color components. Theinputs and outputs of the filtering process are not limited to only onecolor component and the filtering performance can be improved.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, a JCF filter can perform aloop filtering process that uses reconstruction samples of, multiplecolor components as inputs. According to another aspect of thedisclosure, a JCF filter can output results to be applied on each one orselected ones of multiple color components.

FIG. 21 shows a block diagram illustrating a filter architecture (2100)including a JCF filter (2110) according to some embodiments of thedisclosure. The JCF filter (2110) receives reconstructed samples ofmultiple color components as inputs, and generates outputs to be appliedto multiple color components. Specifically, the JCF filter (2110)receives Y component of the first reconstructed samples as INPUT1,receives Cb component of the first reconstructed samples as INPUT2,receives Cr component of the first reconstructed samples as INPUT3. TheJCF filter (2110) applies filtering techniques on the inputs INPUT1.INPUT2 and INPUT3, and generates outputs OUTPUT1, OUTPUT2 and OUTPUT3.The OUTPUT1 is the offset for the Y component, and is combined with theY component of the first reconstructed samples to generate the Ycomponent of the second reconstructed samples. Similarly, the OUTPUT2 isthe offset for the Cb component, and is combined with the Cb componentof the first reconstructed samples to generate the Cb component of thesecond reconstructed samples; the OUTPUT3 is the offset for the Crcomponent, and is combined with the Cr component of the firstreconstructed samples to generate the Cr component of the secondreconstructed samples.

The JCF filter (2110) can use any suitable filtering techniques togenerate the outputs OUTPUT1, OUTPUT2 and OUTPUT3 based on the, inputsINPUT1. INPUT2 and INPUT3. In an example, the inputs INPUT1. INPUT2 andINPUT3 are suitably combined, and then a filtering process is applied tothe combined signal to generate an output signal. The output, signal canbe weighted differently to generate the outputs OUTPUT1, OUTPUT2 andOUTPUT3.

In another example, separate filtering processes are respectivelyapplied to the inputs INPUT1. INPUT2 and INPUT3, the results of thefiltering processes are combined into an output signal. The outputsignal can be weighted differently to generate the outputs OUTPUT1,OUTPUT2 and OUTPUT3. In another example, the inputs INPUT1. INPUT2 andINPUT3 are suitably combined to form multiple intermediate signals. Thenseparate filtering processes are respectively applied to the multipleintermediate signals to generate the outputs OUTPUT1, OUTPUT2 andOUTPUT3.

In an embodiment, the inputs are three color components, the outputsinclude three signals, and each of the output signals is applied on oneof the three color components. In an example, the three color componentsare (Y, Cb, Cr), in another example, the three color components are (R,G, B).

In another embodiment, the inputs include all three color components,the output includes one signal, and the signal is applied on each of thethree color components. In an example, the three color components are(Y, Cb, Cr). In another example, the three color components are (R, G,B).

In some embodiments, the input color components can be different fromthe color components on which the outputs of JCF filter applies. In anembodiment, the color components are Y, Cb and Cr. In an example, theinputs include Y and Cb color components, and the output is applied tothe Cr color component as offset. In another example, the inputs includeY and Cr color components, and the output is applied to the Cb colorcomponent as offset. In another example, the inputs include Cb and Crcolor components, and the output is applied to the Y color component asoffset.

In another example, the input is Y color component, and the output isapplied to the Cb and Cr color components as offset. In another example,the input is Cb color component, and the output is applied to the Y andCr color components as offset. In another example, the inputs is Crcolor component, and the output is applied to the Y and Cb colorcomponents as offset.

In another embodiment the color components are R, G and B. In anexample, the inputs include R and G color components, and the output isapplied to the B color component as offset. In another example, theinputs include R and B color component, and the output is applied to theG color component as offset. In another example, the inputs include Gand B color components, and the output is applied to the R colorcomponent as offset.

in another example, the input is R color component, and the output isapplied to the G and B color components as offset. In another example,the input is G color component, and the output is applied to the R and Bcolor components as offset. In another example, the inputs is B colorcomponent, and the output is applied to the R and G color components asoffset.

In some embodiments, the JCF filter can apply different shape and/orsize filtering processes to different color components. In an example, aJCF filter receives color components Y and Cb. The JCF filter can applya 7×7 diamond filtering process to the Y color component; and can applya 5×5 diamond filtering process to the Cb color component.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, the JCF filter can be disposedin a filtering path at any suitable location. Further, the inputs andthe outputs can be connected to the filtering path at any suitablelocation. In some embodiments, a filtering path includes a deblockingfilter, a CDEF filter and a loop restoration (LR) filter. The inputs andoutputs of the JCF filter can be connected to any suitable node in thefiltering path.

In some embodiments, the inputs and outputs where JCF filter applies areadjacent. The adjacent feature refers to the structure that has no othercoding module between the inputs and outputs where JCF applies otherthan JCF.

FIG. 22 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (2200) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 22 example, thefiltering path (2200) includes a deblocking filter (2220), a CDEF filter(2230) and a LR filter (2240). Further, the filtering path (2200)includes a JCF filter (2210). The inputs and outputs of the JCF filter(2210) are connected to the filtering path (2200) before the deblockingfilter (2220). For example, the inputs of the JCF filter (2210) arefirst reconstructed samples. The outputs of the JCF filter (2210) arecombined with the first reconstructed samples to generate secondreconstructed samples. The second reconstructed samples are then inputto the deblocking filter (2220) for further filtering processes.

FIG. 23 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (2300) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 23 example, thefiltering path (2300) includes a &blocking filter (2320), a CDEF filter(2330) and a LR filter (2340). Further, the filtering path (2300)includes a JCT filter (2310). The inputs and outputs of the JCF filter(2310) are connected to the filtering path (2300) after the deblockingfilter (2320) and before the CDEF filter (2330). For example, the inputsof the JCF filter (2310) are first reconstructed samples output from thedeblocking filter (2320). The outputs of the JCF filter (2310) arecombined with the first reconstructed samples to generate secondreconstructed samples. The second reconstructed samples are then inputto the CDEF filter (2330) for further filtering processes.

FIG. 24 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (2400) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 24 example, thefiltering path (2400) includes a deblocking, filter (2420), a CDEFfilter (2430) and a LR filter (2440). Further, the filtering path (2400)includes a JCF filter (2410). The inputs and outputs of the JCF filter(2410) are connected to the filtering path (2400) after the CDEF filter(2430) and before the LR filter (2440). For example, the inputs of theJCF filter (2410) are first reconstructed samples output from the CDEFfilter (2430). The outputs of the JCF filter (2410) are combined withthe first reconstructed samples to generate second reconstructedsamples. The second reconstructed samples are then input to the LRfilter (2440) for further filtering processes.

FIG. 25 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (2500) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 25 example, thefiltering path (2500) includes a deblocking filter (2520), a CDEF filter(2530) and a LR filter (2540). Further, the filtering path (2500)includes a JCF filter (2510). The inputs and outputs of the JCF filter(2510) are connected to the filtering path (2500) after the LR filter(2540). For example, the inputs of the JCF filter (2510) are firstreconstructed samples output from the LR filter (2540). The outputs ofthe JCF filter (2510) are combined with the first reconstructed samplesto generate second reconstructed samples. The second reconstructedsamples may be further processed or output from the filtering path(2500).

In some embodiments, the inputs and outputs where JCF filter applies arenot adjacent. At least one coding module, other than the JCF filter, isdisposed between the inputs and outputs where ICE applies.

FIG. 26 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (2600) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 26 example, thefiltering path (2600) includes a deblocking filter (2620), a CDEF filter(2630) and a LR filter (2640). Further, the filtering path (2600)includes a JCF filter (2610). The inputs of the JCF filter (2610) areconnected to the filtering path (2600) before the deblocking filter(2620), and the outputs of the JCF filter (2610) are connected to thefiltering path (2600) after the deblocking filter (2620) and before theCDEF (2630). For example, the inputs of the JCF filter (2610) are firstreconstructed samples that are also inputs to the deblocking filter(2620). Based on the first reconstructed samples, the deblocking filter(2620) outputs intermediate reconstructed samples. The outputs of theJCF filter (2610) are combined with the intermediate reconstructedsamples to generate second reconstructed samples. The secondreconstructed samples are input to the CDEF filter (2630) for furtherfiltering process.

FIG. 27 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering Path (2700) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 27 example, thefiltering path (2700) includes a deblocking filter (2720), a CDEF filter(2730) and a LR filter (2740). Further, the filtering path (2700)includes a JCF filter (2710). The inputs of the JCF filter (2710) areconnected to the filtering path (2700) before the deblocking filter(2720), and the outputs of the JCF filter (2710) are connected to thefiltering path (2700) after the CDEF filter (2730) and before the LRfilter (2740). For example, the inputs of the JCF filter (2710) arefirst reconstructed samples that are also inputs to the deblockingfilter (2720). Based on the first. reconstructed samples, the deblockingfilter (2720) outputs first intermediate reconstructed samples. Thefirst intermediate reconstructed samples are input to the CDEF titter(2730). Based on the first intermediate reconstructed samples, the CDEFher (2730) outputs second intermediate reconstructed samples. Theoutputs of the JCF filter (2710) are combined with the secondintermediate reconstructed samples, to generate second reconstructedsamples. The second reconstructed samples are input to the LR filter(2740) for further filtering process.

FIG. 28 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (2800) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 28 example, thefiltering path (2800) includes a deblocking filter (2820), a CUFF filter(2830) and a LR filter (2840). Further, the filtering path (2800)includes a JCF filter (2810). The inputs of the JCF filter (2810) areconnected to the filtering path (2800) before the deblocking filter(2820), and the outputs of the JCF filter (2810) are connected to thefiltering path (2800) after the LR filter (2840). For example, theinputs of the JCF filter (2810) are first reconstructed samples that arealso inputs to the deblocking filter (2820). Based on the firstreconstructed samples, the deblocking filter (2820) outputs firstintermediate reconstructed samples. The first intermediate reconstructedsamples are input to the CDEF filter (2830). Based on the firstintermediate reconstructed samples, the CUFF filter (2830) outputssecond intermediate reconstructed samples. The second intermediatereconstructed samples are input to the LR filter (2840). Based on thesecond intermediate reconstructed samples, the LR filter (2840) outputsthird intermediate reconstructed samples. The outputs of the JCF filter(2810) are combined with the third intermediate reconstructed samples togenerate second reconstructed samples. The second reconstructed samplescan be output of the filtering path (2800).

FIG. 29 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (2900) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 29 example, thefiltering path (2900) includes a deblocking filter (2920), a CDEF filter(2930) and a LR filter (2940). Further, the filtering path (2900)includes a JCF filter (2910). The inputs of the JCF filter (2910) areconnected to the filtering path (2900) after the deblocking filter(2920) and before the CDEF filter (2930), and the outputs of the JCF(2910) are connected to the filtering path (2900) after the CDEF filter(2930) and before the LR filter (2940). For example, the inputs of theJCF filter (2910) are first reconstructed samples that are output fromthe deblocking filter (2920). Based on the first reconstructed samples,the CDEF filter (2930) outputs intermediate reconstructed samples. Theoutputs of the JCF filter (2910) are combined with the intermediatereconstructed samples to generate second reconstructed samples. Thesecond reconstructed samples are input to the LR filter (2940) forfurther filtering process.

FIG. 30 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (3000) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 30 example, thefiltering path (3000) includes a deblocking filter (3020), a CDEF filter(3030) and a LR filter (3040). Further, the filtering path (3000)includes a JCF filter (3010). The inputs of the JCF filter (3010) areconnected to the filtering path (3000) after the deblocking filter(3020) and before the CDEF filter (3030), and the outputs of the JCFfilter (3010) are connected to the filtering path (3000) after the LRfilter (3040). For example, the inputs of the JCE filter (3010) arefirst reconstructed samples that are output from the deblocking filter(3020). Based on the first reconstructed samples, the CDEF filter (3030)outputs first intermediate reconstructed samples. The first intermediatereconstructed samples are input to the LR filter (3040). Based on thefirst intermediate reconstructed samples, the LR filter (3040) outputssecond intermediate reconstructed samples. The outputs of the JCF filter(3010) are combined with the second intermediate reconstructed samplesto generate second reconstructed samples. The second reconstructedsamples can be output of the filtering path (3000).

FIG. 31 shows a diagram of an exemplary filtering path (3100) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the FIG. 31 example, thefiltering path (3100) includes a deblocking filter (3120), a CDEF filter(3130) and a LR filter (3140). Further, the filtering path (3100)includes a JCF filter (3110). The inputs of the JCF filter (3110) areconnected to the filtering path (3100) after the CDEF filter (3130) andbefore the LR filter (3140), and the outputs of the JCF filter (3110)are connected to the filtering path (3100) after the LR filter (3140).For example, the inputs of the JCE filter (3110) are first reconstructedsamples that are output from the CDEF filter (3130). Based on the firstreconstructed samples, the LR filter (3140) outputs intermediatereconstructed samples. The outputs of the ICE filter (3110) are combinedwith the intermediate reconstructed samples to generate secondreconstructed samples. The second reconstructed samples can be output ofthe filtering path (3100).

According to an aspect of the disclosure, the enabling of colorcomponents of the JCF filter (e.g., input color components and/or outputcolor components) are controlled by enabling flag.

In some embodiments, the enabling flag of the color components (e.g.,input color components and/or output color components of the JCF filteris explicitly signaled. In an embodiment, an on/off switch is explicitlysignaled for each of the input color components and/or the output colorcomponents in high-level syntax (HLS), such as decoding parameter set(DPS), video parameter set (VPS), sequence parameter set (SPS), pictureparameter set (PPS), adaptation parameter set (APS), slice header, andthe like. In an example, the enabling flag includes 3 bits to signalon/off of the three color components for inputting to the JCF filter,and includes another 3 bits to signal on/off to apply the outputs of theJCF filter to three color components.

In another embodiment, the weightings.(e.g., weight factors) among thecolor components are explicitly signaled in HLS. In one example, whenthe weight of one color component is 0, the color component is not usedin input of the JCF filter or output of the JCF filter is not applied tothe color component.

In some embodiments, the enabling flag of color components (e.g., inputcolor components and/or output color components) is not explicatedsignaled, but can be implicitly derived.

In an embodiment, the enabling flag is derived based on a measurement ofthe smoothness of the reconstructed samples within the sample area(e,g., the current block) in respective color components which apply theJCF filter.

In an example, the smoothness is computed by the absolute differencebetween the maximum and the minimum pixel values.

In another example, the smoothness is computed by the variance of pixelvalues within the sample area. The variance can be computed as Eq. (16):

$\begin{matrix}{S^{2} = \frac{\sum_{n = 1}^{n}\left( {x_{i} - \overset{\_}{x}} \right)^{2}}{n - 1}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{11mu}(16)}\end{matrix}$

where S² is the variance x_(i) refers to the i^(th) sample of currentsample area which covers sample 1 to sample n, x is the sample meanvalue, n is the total number of samples within the sample area whichapplies JCF filter.

In another embodiment, the smoothness can be computed by the range ofgradient values within the sample area. The range of gradient values isdefined as the absolute difference between the maximum and the minimumgradient values. The gradient value for each sample location iscalculated as the difference between the value of sample located at thecurrent position and the value of sample located at its neighboringpositions.

In some embodiments, coded information, including but not limited to,quantization Parameter (QP) values, and the JCF on/off flag of anotherpicture (such as reference picture), can be used to derive the enablingflags of the JCF filter.

It is noted that while the JCF filter is used in the above descriptionto illustrate the filtering techniques using multiple color componentsfor input and output, the above description can be modified to apply thefiltering techniques on other loop filtering tools, such as ALF, looprestoration, CDEF and the like.

FIG. 32 shows a flow chart outlining a process (3200) according to anembodiment of the disclosure. The process (3200) can be used toreconstruct a block in a picture of a coded video sequence. The termblock may be interpreted as a prediction block, a coding unit, a lumablock, a chroma block, or the like. In various embodiments, the process(3200) are executed by processing circuitry, such as the processingcircuitry in the terminal devices (310), (320), ($30) and (340), theprocessing circuitry that performs functions of the video encoder (403),the processing circuitry that performs functions of the video decoder(410), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the videodecoder (510), the processing circuitry that performs functions of-thevideo encoder (603), and the like. In some embodiments, the process(3200) is implemented in software instructions, thus when the processingcircuitry executes the software instructions, the processing circuitryperforms the process (3200). The process starts at (S3201) and proceedsto (S3210).

At (S3210), first reconstructed samples of the block are generated.

At (S3220), a filter (e.g., JCF filter) is applied to multiple colorcomponents of the first reconstructed samples of the block to determineoffsets to be applied to one or more color, components.

In an embodiment, the filter is applied to three color components (e.g.,Y, Cb, Cr) (R, G, B)) of the first reconstructed samples of the block todetermine three offset signals respectively far the three colorcomponents.

In another embodiment, the filter is applied to three color componentsof the first reconstructed samples of the block to determine an offsetto be applied to each of the three color components.

The some embodiments, at least one of the multiple color components isdifferent from the one or more color components.

In an example, the filter can support applying different filteringshapes to different color components in the multiple color components ofthe first reconstructed samples. In another example, the filter cansupport applying different filtering sizes to different color componentsin the multiple color components of the first reconstructed samples.

In some embodiments, the selection of the multiple color components toapply the filter and the selection of the one or more color componentsfor applying the offset are determined based on information in a codedvideo bitstream. In an embodiment, the selection of the multiple colorcomponents to apply the filter and the selection of the one or morecolor components for applying the offset are determined based on anenabling flag decoded from a coded video bitstream. In anotherembodiment, the selection of the multiple color components to apply thefilter and the selection of the one or more color components forapplying the offset are determined based on weighting factors decodedfrom the coded video bitstream.

In some embodiments, an enabling flag that indicates the multiple colorcomponents to apply the filter and the one or more color components forapplying the offset is not explicated signaled, but can be derived. Inan embodiment, the enabling flag is derived based on a smoothness of thefirst reconstructed samples in each color component within the block.The smoothness can be measured by various techniques. In an example, thesmoothness is measured as an absolute difference between a maximum pixelvalue and a minimum pixel value in the block. In another example, thesmoothness is measured as a variance of pixel values within the block.In another example, the smoothness is measured, as a range of gradientvalues within the block.

At (S3230), second reconstructed samples of the block are generatedbased on the offsets for the one or more color components and the firstreconstructed samples of the block. The process (3200) proceeds to(S3299), and terminates.

In some embodiments, the first reconstructed samples are combined withthe offsets for the one or more color components to generate the secondreconstructed samples, such as shown in FIGS. 22-25. In an example, thefirst reconstructed samples are generated by a processing module priorto a deblocking filter. In another example, the first reconstructedsamples are generated by a deblocking filter. In another example, thefirst reconstructed samples are generated by a constrained directionalenhanced filter. In another example, the first reconstructed samples aregenerated by a loop restoration filter.

In some embodiments, intermediate reconstructed samples are generatedbased on the first reconstructed samples. Then, the intermediatereconstructed samples are combined with the offsets for the one or morecolor components to generate the second reconstructed samples, such asshown in FIGS. 26-31. In an example, the intermediate reconstructedsamples are generated by a deblocking filter. In another example, theintermediate reconstructed samples are generated by a constraineddirectional enhanced filter. In another example, the intermediatereconstructed samples are generated by a loop restoration filter.

The process (3200) can be suitably adapted. Step(s) in the process(3200) can be modified and/or omitted. Additional step(s) can be added.Any suitable order of implementation can be used.

Embodiments in the disclosure may be used separately or combined in anyorder. Further, each of the methods (or embodiments), an encoder, and adecoder may be implemented by processing circuitry (e.g., one or moreprocessors or one or more integrated circuits). In one example, the oneor more processors execute a program that is stored in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium.

The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer softwareusing computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one ormore computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 33 shows a computersystem (3300) suitable for implementing certain embodiments of thedisclosed subject matter.

The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code orcomputer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation,linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions thatcan be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-codeexecution, and the like, by one or more computer central processingunits (CPUs). Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.

The instructions can be executed on various types of computers orcomponents thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tabletcomputers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of thingsdevices, and the like.

The components shown in FIG. 33 for computer system (3300) are exemplaryin nature and are not intended to suggest an limitation as to the scopeof use or functionality of the computer software implementingembodiments of the present disclosure. Neither should the configurationof components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirementrelating to any one or combination of components illustrated in theexemplary embodiment of a computer system (3300).

Computer system (3300) may include certain human interface inputdevices. Such a human interface input device may be responsive to inputb one or more human users through, for example, tactile input (such as:keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice,clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (notdepicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capturecertain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by ahuman, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images(such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still imagecamera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional videoincluding stereoscopic video).

Input human interface devices ma include one or more of (only one ofeach depicted): keyboard (3101), mouse (3302), trackpad (3303), touchscreen (3310), data-glove (not shown), joystick (3305), microphone(3306), scanner (3307), camera (3308).

Computer system (3300) may also include certain human interface outputdevices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating thesenses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output,sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices mayinclude tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by thetouch-screen (3310), data-glove (not shown), or joystick (3305), butthere can also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as inputdevices), audio output devices (such as: speakers (3309), headphones(not depicted)), visual output devices (such as screens (3310) toinclude CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLE screens, each withor without much-screen input capability, each with or without tactilefeedback capability—some of which may be capable to output twodimensional visual output or more than three dimensional output throughmeans such as stereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (notdepicted), holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), andprinters (not depicted).

Computer system (3300) can also include human accessible storage devicesand their associated media, such as optical media including CD/DVDROM/RW (3320) with CD/DVD or the like media (3321), thumb-drive (3322),removable hard drive or solid state drive (3323), legacy magnetic mediasuch as tape and floppy disc not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLDbased devices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like.

Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computerreadable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosedsubject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, orother transitory signals.

Computer system (3300) can also include an interface (3354) to one ormore communication networks (3355), Networks can for example bewireless, wireline, optical. Networks can further be local, wide-area,metropolitan, vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, andso on. Examples of networks include local area networks such asEthernet, wireless LANs, cellular networks to include GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G,LTE and the like, TV wireline or wireless wide area digital networks toinclude cable TV, satellite TV, and terrestrial broadcast TV, vehicularand industrial to include CANBus, and so forth. Certain networkscommonly require external network interface adapters that attached tocertain general purpose data ports or peripheral buses (3349) (such as,for example USB ports of the computer system (3300)); others arecommonly integrated into the core of the computer system (3300) byattachment to a system bus as described below (for example Ethernetinterface into a PC computer system or cellular network interface into asmartphone computer system). Using any of these networks, computersystem (3300) can communicate with other entities. Such communicationcan be uni-directional, receive only (for example, broadcast TV),uni-directional send-only (for example (CANbus to certain CANbusdevices), or bi-directional. for example to other computer systems usinglocal or wide area digital networks. Certain protocols and protocolstacks can be used on each of those networks and network interfaces asdescribed above.

Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storagedevices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core (3340) of thecomputer system (3300).

The core (3340) can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU)(3341), Graphics Processing Units (GPU) (3342), specialized programmableprocessing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA)(3343), hardware accelerators for certain tasks (3344), graphics adapter(3350), and so forth. These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM)(3345), Random-access memory (3346), internal mass storage such asinternal non-user accessible hard drives, SSDs, and the like (3347), maybe connected through a system bus (3348). In some computer systems, thesystem bus (3348) can be accessible in the in the form of one or morephysical plugs to enable extensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and thelike. The peripheral devices can be attached either directly to thecore's system bus (3348), or through a peripheral bus (3349). In anexample, a display (3310) can be connected to the graphics adapter(3350). Architectures for a peripheral bus include PCI, USB, and thelike,

CPUs (3341), GPUs (3342), FPGAs (3343), and accelerators (3344) canexecute certain instructions that, in combination, can make up theaforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM(3345) or RAM (3346). Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM(3346), whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in theinternal mass storage (3347). Fast storage and retrieve to any of thememory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that canbe closely associated with one or more CPU (3341), GPU (3342), massstorage (3347), ROM (3345) RAM (3346), and the like.

The computer readable media can have computer code thereon forperforming various computer-implemented. operations. The media andcomputer code can be those, specially designed and constructed for thepurposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind wellknown and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.

As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system havingarchitecture (3300), and specifically the core (3340) can providefunctionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA,accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or moretangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can bemedia associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above,as well as certain storage of the core (3340) that are of non-transitorynature, such as core-internal mass storage (3347) or ROM (3345). Thesoftware implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure canbe stored in such devices and executed by core (3340). Acomputer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices orchips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core(3340) and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU,FPGA, and the like) to execute particular processes or particular partsof particular processes described herein, including defining datastructures stored in RAM (3346) and modifying such data structuresaccording to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as analternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a resultof logic hardwired or otherwise, embodied in a circuit (for example:accelerator (3344)), which can operate in place of or together withsoftware to execute particular processes or particular parts ofparticular processes described herein. Reference to software canencompass logic, and vice versa, where, appropriate. Reference to acomputer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integratedcircuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logicfor execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosureencompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software.

Appendix A: Acronyms

-   JEM: joint exploration model-   VVC: versatile video coding-   BMS: benchmark set-   MV; Motion Vector-   HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding-   MPM: most probable mode-   WAIP: Wide-Angle Intra Prediction-   SEI: Supplementary Enhancement Information-   VUI: Video Usability information-   GOPs: Groups of Pictures-   TUs: Transform Units,-   PUs: Prediction Units-   CTUs: Coding Tree Units-   CTBs: Coding Tree Blocks-   PBs: Prediction Blocks-   HRD: Hypothetical Reference Decoder-   SDR: standard dynamic range-   SNR: Signal Noise Ratio-   CPUs: Central Processing Units-   GPUs: Graphics Processing Units-   CRT: Cathode Ray Tube.-   LCD: Liquid-Crystal Display-   OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode-   CD: Compact Disc-   DVD: Digital Video Disc-   ROM: Read-Only Memory-   RAM: Random Access Memory-   ASIC: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit-   PLD: Programmable Logic Device-   LAN: Local Area Network-   GSM: Global System for Mobile communications-   LTE: Long-Term Evolution-   CANBus: Controller Area Network Bus-   USB: Universal Serial Bus-   PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect-   FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Areas-   SSD: solid-state drive-   IC: Integrated Circuit-   CU: Coding Unit-   PDPC: Position Dependent Prediction Combination-   ISP: Intra Sub-Partitions-   SPS: Sequence Parameter Setting

While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, thereare alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, whichfall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciatedthat those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systemsand methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein,embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spiritand scope thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for video encoding, comprising:acquiring first samples of a block of an image in a video bitstream;generating an enabling flag that indicates two or more color componentsto which a filter is to be applied and indicates one or more colorcomponents to which offsets are to be applied; and encoding the firstsamples and transmitting, to a video decoding apparatus, a coded videobitstream including the encoded first samples and the generated enablingflag.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the enabling flag causes thevideo decoding apparatus to apply the filter to three color componentsof the first samples of the block to determine three offset signalsrespectively for the three color components.
 3. The method of claimwherein the enabling flag causes the video decoding apparatus to applythe filter to three color components of the first samples of the blockto determine an offset to be applied to each of the three colorcomponents.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the two ormore color components is different from the one or more colorcomponents.
 5. The method of claim wherein the enabling flag causes thevideo decoding apparatus to perform at least one of: applying the titterwith different filtering shapes to different color components in the twoor more color components of the first samples; and applying, the filterwith different filtering sizes to different color components in the twoor more color components of the first samples.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the enabling flag causes the video decoding apparatus to combinefirst reconstructed samples based on the encoded first samples with theoffsets for the one or more color components to generate secondreconstructed samples.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the firstreconstructed samples are generated by at least one of: a processingmodule prior to a deblocking filter; a deblocking filter; a constraineddirectional enhanced filter; and a loop restoration filter.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the enabling flag causes the video decodingapparatus to generate intermediate reconstructed samples based on thefirst samples; and combine the intermediate reconstructed samples withthe offsets for the one or more color components to generate secondreconstructed samples.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein theintermediate reconstructed samples are generated by at least one of: adeblocking filter; a constrained directional enhanced filter; and a looprestoration filter.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the enabling flagcauses the video decoding apparatus to simultaneously select, based onthe enabling flag included in the coded video bitstream, the two or morecolor components for filtering; and select the one or more colorcomponents to which the offsets are applied based on information in thecoded video bitstream.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising atleast one of: encoding, in the video bitstream, the enabling flag thatindicates the two or more color components to which the filter is to beapplied and indicates the one or more color components to which theoffsets are to be applied; and encoding, in the video bitstream,weighting factors indicative of the two or more color components towhich the filter is to be applied and indicative of the one or morecolor components to which the offsets are to be applied.
 12. Anapparatus for video processing, comprising: processing circuitryconfigured to: acquire first samples of a block of an image in a videobitstream; generate an enabling flag that indicates two or more colorcomponents to which a filter is to be applied and indicates one or morecolor components to which offsets are to be applied; and encode thefirst samples and transmitting, to a video decoding apparatus, a codedvideo bitstream including the encoded first samples and the generatedenabling flag.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the enabling flagcauses the video decoding apparatus to combine first reconstructedsamples based on the encoded first samples with the offsets for the oneor more color components to generate second reconstructed samples. 14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the first reconstructed samples aregenerated by at least one of: a processing module prior, to a &blockingfilter; a deblocking filter; a constrained directional enhanced filter;and a loop restoration filter.
 15. The apparatus of claim 12, whereinthe enabling flag causes the video decoding apparatus to generateintermediate reconstructed samples based on the first samples; andcombine the intermediate reconstructed samples with the offsets for theone or more color components to generate second reconstructed samples.16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the intermediate reconstructedsamples are generated by at least one of: a deblocking filter; aconstrained directional enhanced filter; and a loop restoration filter.17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the enabling flag causes thevideo decoding apparatus to select the two or more color components towhich the filter is to be applied and select the one or more colorcomponents to which the offsets are to be applied based on the enablingflag.
 18. The, apparatus of claim 12, wherein the enabling flag causesthe video decoding apparatus to apply the filter to three colorcomponents of the first samples of the block to determine three offsetsignals respectively tor the three color components.
 19. The apparatusof claim 12, wherein the enabling flag causes the video decodingapparatus to apply the filter to three color components of the firstsamples of the block to determine an offset to be applied to each of thethree color components.
 20. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein at leastone of the two or more color components is different from the one ormore color components.